Tess-of-the-d’Urbervilles--介绍.ppt

张帆29何丽萍31罗玉32元婷33徐娟48托马斯哈代及其生平著作ThomasHardy(1840-1928)English poet and novelist,famous for his depictions of the imaginary country“Wessex”.Hardys works reflected his stoical pessimism and sense of tragedy in human life.CONTENTSBriefIntroductionMajorWorksBorn:2June1840Died:11January1928Occupation:architectwriter(Naturalist,Novelist,Poet,andShortStorywriter)afamouscriticalrealisticwriterthelastimportantnovelistoftheVictorianageBriefIntroduction At the age of 16,he became apprenticed to a local architect,buthegaveuparchitecturein1874.Becauseofmarriage,hebegantowritepoemsandnovels,whichidealizedtherurallife.Tess(1891)andJude(1896)shockedBritishpruderiesandHardywasterriblyabusedforbeing“filthy”.in1896HardyannouncedthatJudewashislastnovel,andturnedwithrelieftothewritingofpoetry.Hardysfinalyearswerefullofhonors.Hediedin1928.Hardys First WifeEmma Gifford a woman of high social status.She had a very interestingpersonality and was always remember by visitors to the Hardy household.She died in 1912.Thomas and Emma Hardy resided at Max Gate from 1884 onward.Desighed by Hardy himselfSecond wifeHardys nurse,companion and fan.In 1914,Hardy married his secretary Florence Emily Dugdale,who was 39 years his junior.Due to Florences care,Hardy could remain healthy and continue his writing career.BecausemostofHardysnovelstakeplaceinthepartly-real,partly-dreamcountyofWessex,sohisnovelswerecalledWessex Novel(威塞克斯小说）威塞克斯小说）.1)Novels of Character&Environment2)Novels of Romances&Fantasies3)Novels of Ingenuity Hardyhimselfdividedhisnovelsintothreegroups:1.NOVELS OF CHARACTER AND ENVIRONMENT（性格与环境小说）（性格与环境小说）The Poor Man and the Lady(1867,unpublished and lost)穷汉与贵妇人穷汉与贵妇人 Under the Greenwood Tree(1872)绿树荫下绿树荫下 Far from the Madding Crowd(1874)远离尘嚣远离尘嚣The Mayor of Casterbridge(1886)卡斯特桥市长卡斯特桥市长 Tess of the dUrbervilles(1891)德伯家的苔丝德伯家的苔丝 Jude the Obscure(1895)无名的裘德无名的裘德2.ROMANCES AND FANTASIES（传奇与幻想小说）（传奇与幻想小说）A Pair of Blue Eyes(1873)一双蓝眼睛一双蓝眼睛 Two on a Tower(1882)塔里的两个人塔里的两个人 The Well-Beloved(1897)(first published as a serial from 1892)心爱的人心爱的人 mainly talk about romantic love stories.3.NOVELS OF INGENUITY（机巧和实验小说（机巧和实验小说）Desperate Remedies(1871)铤而走险铤而走险The Hand of Ethelberta(1876)埃塞尔伯塔埃塞尔伯塔的婚姻的婚姻A Laodicean(1881)冷漠的人冷漠的人Major worksUnder the Greenwood TreeFar from the Madding Crowd(1874)The Return of the Native(1878)Wessex Tales(1888)The Woodlanders(1887)The Mayor of Casterbridge(1886)A LaodiceanA Pair of Blue EyesThe Well-BelovedDesperate RemediesJude the ObscureTwo on a TowerThe Hand of EthelbertanHardys two novels,Tess of the dUrbervilles(1891)and Jude the Obscure(1895)are his last long fiction works.The last novels challenged the sensibilities of Victorian readers with situations that ruffled many a Victorian feather:immoral sex,murder,illegitimate children,and the unmarried living together.Heated debate and criticism over these two books helped Hardy decide that he would rather write poetry.In fact,so stung was he by the criticism of his works that Hardy did not write another novel.Tess of The DUrbervillesTess of The Durbervilles came into conflict with Victorian morality.In this novel,Hardy reaches the height of his achievement as a novelist.Like most other Hardy novels,rural life is a prominent issue in the story.And the issue of fate versus freedom of action is another important aspect of this novel.It tells of that a village girl called Tess who was a beautiful,pure,plain,honest,assiduous and clever went through a miserable life.She was born in a poor family and lived in a peculiar society.The son of the Durbervilles Alec raped her and she was pregnant.She fell in love with Angel Clare before long.Clare loved her very much and longed to marry her but she delayed to answer this offer of marriage just because she did not know how to tell the truth of being raped.Despite this,at last this kindhearted and sincere girl decided to tell him this bad thing.However,when Tess told him the truth that she was raped by a knave Alec,he could not forgive her for having another mans child even though she forgave him everything.Angel Clare became very angry and abandons Tess.One day she found Alec became a minister.After her fathers death unexpectedly,Tess had the burden of the family welfare on her shoulders,and they were shortly thereafter evicted from their cottage.She believes deep down that Angel had abandoned her,and Alec said it as well,and Tess knew her family would do well by Alecs wealth and property.But to her surprised,Angel returns from Brazil,repenting his harshness,but found her living with Alec.Tess kills Alec in desperation,she was arrested and hanged.She makes him promise to marry her sister,Liza Lu,after her death,which he agrees to do.In Tess of the dUrbervilles,Thomas Hardy has directly satirized nature.This novel revealed the tragedy of common peoples destiny and flayed hypocritical gentlemen and morals.In this novel,Hardy demonstrated his deep sense of moral sympathy for Englands lower classes,particularly for women.He succeeded in portraying an artistic image a village girl with kindness,tenderness and amorousness.The novel,which indicated the tendency of anti-religious sentiments,against feudal morality and the laws of capitalists,was warmly received by the reading public though British upper class was bitter against it.The tragedy of TessThe tragedy of TessAstheindustrialmovementsweptEnglandinthe19thcentury,manyfarmersandagricultureworkersfoundthemselvesindevastation.Peoplelosttheirhomes,theirjobs,andthesimplelifestylestheycherished.ThemovementhadanevengreateraffectontheEnglishlandscapewhenlushfertilevalleysweretransformedintorailwaysandurbancenters.ThomasHardywasveryconcernedwiththelossofbeautifulrurallandduringtheindustrialdevelopment.Hismainbeliefsystemwasfoundedupontheidealthatnatureisthecoreofallexistence.TessoftheDUrbervillesisoneoftheThomasHardysmostfamousnovel.UnderHardyspen,theheroineTessiscreatedasanattractiveandwarm-heartedpurewoman,whohasthequalityofenduranceandself-sacrifice.TesshaslongbeenregardedasthemostexceptionalwomancharacterinEnglishliteraryhistory.However,thelifeofthispurewomanistragic.First,Sheisseduced,.thenabandonedandfinallydriventomurderforwhichsheishanged.THE CAUSES OF TESSS TRAGEDY 1.thepoverty:ThepoorlifepushesTessintothetrapofthewickedman,andthecapitalistexploitationbringsabouttheirpoorlife.2.Alecswickedness:Alec,therepresentativeofcapitalistpowerandviolencedarestodowhathedesires,notonlybecausehehasmoneyandpower,butalsobecausehisevilbehaviorisprotectedbythecapitalistlawandrules.3.Angelsconventionalideas:Heistheeducated,reserved,subtle,sad,differing.Helooksdownuponthematerialdistinctionofrankandwealth.4.Tessscharacter:Tessstragedynotonlyresultsfromtheexternalcauses,butalsotheinternalones.Andonlythroughtheinternalcauses,cantheexternalcausesbecomeoperative.Thetragedythatresultsfromtheconflictbetweenmanandhimselfisthetragedyofcharacter.Tessstragedyisthetragedyofcharacter.5.Hardysfatalism:TessisthevictimofHardysfatalism,andhertragedyisthetragedyofthetimewhenHardylives.6.thecruelsocialenvironment:theimpoverishedpeasant,theunjustlawandcruelconvention.thesocialenvironmentistherealandrootcauseofTessstragedy.MAIN CHARACTERS TessThe oldest daughter from a poor family with a noble originAlecAngelA young man who hates the old family and likes farming A rich man from a wealthy family who bought the family name dUrbervilles from Tesss family 德伯家的苔丝德伯家的苔丝 德伯家的苔丝讲述的是一个纯洁质朴、聪明美丽的农村姑娘被逼得走头无路，终于杀人的故事。小说一开始，苔丝替她父亲赶马车去城里送货，黑夜里她的马车与邮车相撞，把家里的老马弄死了。苔丝闯了大祸，出于一种赎罪心理，来到杜伯维尔家去做工，以贴补家用。杜伯维尔家少爷阿列克在林中将她奸污。苔丝失贞以后，选择离开阿列克，回到家生下了孩子。孩子病死后，她去一家牛奶场做工，认识了安琪儿克莱尔，并与他相爱。新婚之夜，安琪儿了解到苔丝的失贞，便离她而去，远走巴西，苔丝转到另一个农场做工。父亲死后，房东将她家住的房子收回。为了不让家人流落街头，苔丝被迫又回到阿列克身边。安琪儿后来悔悟，突然回来找她，苔丝心情十分痛苦，用刀子将阿列克杀死。小说结束时，苔丝作为杀人犯被处以绞刑。德伯家的苔丝是哈代最著名的小说，小说的女主人公苔丝则是哈代所塑造的最成功的女性形象。GoodnessandInnocenceLoyaltyandPersistenceEnduranceandResponsibilityRebellionandSacrificeTessTesspurityisreflectedinhertraditionofhardworkandselflesssacrifice.Herpurityisalsoreflectedinherattitudestowardslove.THE ANALYSIS OF TESS TRAGIC FATEThecausesofhertragedyaremainlysocialcircumstances,educationandpoorfamily,ladenAllenDurbervillesandangelAngelClare,Tessownreasons.SOCIAL CIRCUMSTANCESThedestructionoftheBritishfarmersbycapitalistclass.Unjust,Hypocriticallegalsystem.Thesocialcustomsandethics.Wasoncelostalwayslostreallytrueofchastity?shewouldaskherself.Shemightproveitfalseifshecouldveilbygones.Therecuperativepowerwhichpervadedorganicnaturewassurelynotdeniedtomaidenhoodalone.她向自己发问，贞洁这个东西，一旦失去了就永远失去了吗？如果她能够把过去掩盖起来，她也许就可以证明这句话是错误的了。有机的自然都有使自己得以恢复的能力，为什么唯独处女的贞洁就没有呢？POOR EDUCATION AND POOR FAMILYThebasisofDiscriminationiseducation,nottheeconomy.-fromJulietMitchellTheinfluenceoftheeducationforwomenisimprovingtheirmindandconsciousness.TESS OWN REASONSSelf-contemptuousLackofself-awarenessCompromisingCharacter312INTRODUCTION TO INTRODUCTION TO THE TWO IMPORTANT THE TWO IMPORTANT MEN FOR TESSMEN FOR TESS:Alec DUrberville and Angel ClaretheanalysisoftwocharactersTheirinfluencetoTessThereflection ALEC DURBERVILLE 1,Alec DUrberville is thenemesis and downfall ofTessslife.2,Alecistheemergingbourgeoisiesrepresentatives;heisrepresentingthebourgeoissocietysauthority,thewealthandtheevil,Tessstragiclifeiscausedbyhim.3,thedissolute,lascivious,schem-efulevilperson,therepresentativesofevilforce Alec DUrberville ANGEL CLARE 1,FreethinkingsonbornintothefamilyofaprovincialpersonanddeterminedtosethimselfupasafarmerinsteadofgoingtoCambridgelikehisconformistbrothers.2,Atypicalyoungnineteenth-centuryprogressive,Angelseeshumansocietyasathingtoberemoldedandimproved,andheferventlybelievesinthenobilityofman ANGEL CLARERevivedangelinthisworldMISERABLE TESSTHE REFLECTIONAlotofreflectionwasleftbyHardythroughhiscreationofTessstragedy.Tesswasastrongwomanthroughoutthenovel.Shestoodupforherselfandrefusedtocrumbleunderpressure.ItistrueTessshoulddeserverespectbecauseofenduringagreatdealofpain.Yet,forhertragedy,itisnotpropertoblamesolelyontheunequalsocietythatTesslivedin.Readingoverthisbook,maybesomeonethinkifdoesnothavesuchunexpectedevent;Inactually,thiswasthetimewhichshelivedandhernaturalweaknessinvestedherinthispoorsituation.CruelAlecandhispeersarethedirectreasonforherdeath,butitisAngelwhokilledherindirectlybutmorecruelly.MENS DOMINATION OVER WOMEN IN TESS OF THE DURBERVILLES Tess of the DUrbervilles is a masterpiece written by Thomas Hardy,a well-known English realistic writer,and is also a classic tragedy.The paper,combining feminism,analyzes Tesss female status and discloses womens existence under the pressure of masculine traditional power,from which the inevitability of Tesss tragedy just originates.Tess loves Angle that much but ended herself up in such misery?Tesss purity,perfectionism,principle of equity,and pregnancy ended herself up in hanging,as well as mens domination towards women.Menalwaysdominatewomen,exertingapoweroverthemwithmaleness.Therearemanyexamplesofwomenspassivitytowarddominatemen.Atlast,theacceptedpatternofsubmissivewomenbowingtodominantmenisinterrupted,andTesssactseemsheroic.Tesswasseducedbyaso-calledgentlemanAlec,andfromthenonherlifetotallychangedfromthislossofinnocence.AfterthatshemetsomeoneshelovedwithherwholeheartandlifeAngelChare.ShesatandtoldeverythingtoAngel,hopinghewouldforgiveherashewasforgivenbutshewaswrong.Shewasnotforgiven.AtlastTesswasarrestedforhermurderofthatso-calledgentleman.Duringthewholestory,therearefullofexamplesofmendominatewomen.First,Alecsactofabuse.Themostlife-alteringunfairnessthatTessexperiencesinthenovel,isclearlythemostseriousinstanceofmaledominationofwomenspassivitytowarddominantmen.EvenAngelsloveforTess,aspureandgentleasitseems,dominatesherinanunhealthyway.AngelsubstitutesanidealizedpictureofTessscountrypurityforthereal-lifewomanthathecontinuallyrefusestogettoknow.WhenAngelcallsTessnameslike“DaughterofNature”and“Artemis”,wefeelthathemaybedenyinghertrueselfinfavorofamentalimagethatheprefers.Thus,heridentityandexperiencesaresuppressed,albeitunknowingly.ThispatternofmaledominationisfinallyreversedwithTesssmurderofAlec,inwhich,forthefirsttimeinthenovel,awomantakesactivestepsagainstaman.Ofcourse,thisactonlyleadstoevengreatersuppressionofawomanbymen,whenthecrowdofmalepoliceofficersarrestTessatStonehenge.Nevertheless,forjustamoment,theacceptedpatternofsubmissivewomenbowingtodominantmenisinterrupted.Second,after Angel reveals that he prefers Tess,Tesss friend Retty attempts suicide and her friend Marian becomes a alcoholic,which makes their earlier schoolgirl-type crushes on Angel seem disturbing.This devotion is no merely fanciful love,but unhealthy obsession.These girls appear utterly dominated by a desire for a man who,who are told explicitly,does not even realize that they are interested in him.This sort of unconscious male domination of women is perhaps even more unsetting than Alecs outward and self-conscious cruelty.TesssfemalestatusandthepatternofsubmissiveleadtheinevitabilityofTessstragedy.Although,attheendofstory,Tessbegantoresist,itistoolate.Tesspaidherlifeforthepatternofmendominatewomen.