9.-American-History-美国历史PPT课件.ppt

ExercisesI.Choose the one that best completes each of the following statements.1.Thestateofisthelargestinareaofallthestates.A.AlaskaB.HawaiiC.TexasD.Florida2.ThelargestriverintheU.S.is.A.theMissouriRiverB.theMississippiRiverC.theOhioRiverD.theColoradoRiver3.SomeoftheworldfamousuniversitieslikeHarvard,YaleandMITarelocated.A.intheSouthB.alongthePacificCoastC.inNewEngland D.intheMidwest4.islocatedontheU.S.CanadianborderbetweenLakeErieandLakeOntario.A.YellowstoneNationalParkB.TheGrandCanyonC.NiagaraFallsD.TheGreatSaltLakeExercises5.ThenativeAlaskanpopulationincludesthefollowingexceptthe.A.Indians B.Eskimos C.AleutsD.Blacks6.ThelargestminorityintheUnitedStatesisthe.A.PacificIslandersB.BlacksC.NativeAmericansD.Asians7.TheImmigrantsActof1924restrictedthefurtherimmigrationintotheUnitedStates,particularlyfrom.A.EuropeB.AsiaC.AfricaD.SouthAmerica8.ThecharacteristicofdominantAmericancultureis.A.English-speaking,northernEuropean,RomanCatholicandmiddle-classB.English-speaking,westernEuropean,RomanCatholicandupper-classC.English-speaking,northernEuropean,Protestantandupper-classD.English-speaking,westernEuropean,Protestantandmiddle-classExercisesII.ReadthefollowingstatementscarefullyanddecidewhethertheyareTrueorFalse.1.TheeasternhighlandsformedbytheAppalachiansholdonethirdofthecountryscontinentalterritory.2.TheclimateintheUnitedStatescanbeclassifiedastemperate,withsomemildsubtropicalandtropicalzones.3.AlmostthroughthemiddleoftheUnitedStates,northtosouth,runsawell-known50-centimeterrainfallline.4.NewYorkisthecommercialandfinancialcenteroftheUnitedStates,anditiscomposedoffiveboroughsincludingManhattan,Brooklyn,theBronx,StatenIsland,andQueens.Exercises5.SanFranciscoisthesecondlargestcityafterNewYorkandtheworldfamousHollywoodandDisneylandarelocatedhere.6.Duringthe1830sand1840s,manynorthernEuropeansandIrishimmigrantscametoAmerica.7.AlmosthalfoftheimmigrantscomingtotheUnitedStatesinthe1980swereAsians.8.BasicAmericanculturalvaluesarefreedom,equalityanddesiretoworkhardforahigherstandardofliving.American HistoryAmerican HistoryChapter 9 American HistoryI.America in the Colonial EraII.The American War of IndependenceIII.The American Civil WarIV.America in the 20th CenturyV.America in the 21st CenturyColonization of North America(1607-1776)Indians1The discovery of America2Early Colonial Era3Indians:The“first Americans”The Discovery of the New WorldAmerigo VespucciChristopher ColumbusWhy did the early settlers come to America?OpportunityIt drew English merchants who dreamed of establishing great new estates out of the wildness.It drew carpenters,bakers,tailors and other skilled workmen who could not find job in England.It drew the poor and the homeless from farmlands and villages.It drew many English in search of religious freedom.The first successful English colony in the Americas was founded at Jamestown,Virginia,in 1607;the settlement was financed by a London company which expected to make a profit from the settlement.Jamestown：詹姆斯敦English SettlementsIn 1620,a tiny ship called the“May flower”sailed from England for the New world,with 102 passengers.50%were Pilgrims.Landed in what is now Plymouth(普利茅斯),Massachusetts.Pilgrim FathersThe PuritansThe PuritansThe Puritans were wealthy,well-educated gentlemen.They wanted to purify the Church of England and threatened with religious persecution,the Puritans leaders saw the New world as the a refuge provided by God for those He meant to save.In 1621,the puritans gathered in a large crop and the settlers fixed a date to celebrate their harvest in order to express their thanks to God and the help of the Indians.This is the beginning of the holiday called Thanksgiving.Thanksgiving Day:(美国是11月的第四个星期四)English SettlementsThe Founding of the 13 ColoniesBetween 1607 and 1733 the British established 13 colonies along the east coast of North America.The Founding of the 13 ColoniesUnlikemostothernations,theUnitedStatesneverhadafeudalaristocracy.LandwasplentifulandlaborwasscarceincolonialAmerica,andeveryfreemanhadanopportunitytoachieveeconomicindependence,ifnotprosperity.TheEnglishkingappointedmanyofthecolonialgovernors,buttheyallhadtoruleincooperationwithanelectedassembly.Votingwasrestrictedtolandowningwhitemales.BritaincouldnotexercisedirectcontroloverherAmericancolonies.Thecolonistsweretooindependent-minded.The British government began to charge new taxestheStamp Act印花税法案.The Causes of the American RevolutionBritains victory of the Seven Years war led directly to aconflict with its American colonies.The British governmentarguedthatBritainhadspentlargesumsofmoneytodefendtheirAmericancoloniesinthosewars,sothecolonistsshouldpayapartoftheexpenses.TheQuartering Act驻军食宿法passedbyBritishParliamentforcedthecoloniestohouseandfeedBritishsoldiers.ButtheAmericansfearedthatnewtaxeswouldmake trading difficult,and that British troopsstationedinthecoloniesmightbeusedtocrushthecivillibertieswhichthecolonistshadenjoyed.How was the War of Independence started?The“Boston Tea Party”On December 16,1773,when ships of tea reached Boston to be distributed,several dozen Boston residents boarded the ship at night and threw$75,000 worth of tea into the harbor.Where theres oppression,theres revolution.First Continental CongressInSeptember,1774,theFirst Continental Congress,ameetingof colonial leaders who opposed British oppression in thecolonies,metin.disobeytheIntolerableActstoboycottBritishtradebegan to organize militias民兵组织andstoreweaponstodefendthemselvesPhiladelphia费城费城The War of IndependenceThe start of the warOn April 18,1775,about 1,000 British soldiers were sent from Boston to seize the military supplies of the American militia.When they arrived at Lexington they were met by the armed militiamen.Suddenly a shot was fired and the War of Independence began.Second Continental CongressIn May,1775,a Second Continental Congress met inPhiladelphia:begantoassume the functions of a national government.foundedaContinental ArmyandNavyunderthecommandofGeorge Washington.OneofthefoundingfathersoftheUnitedStates.TheCommander-in-chiefoftheContinentalArmy(大陆军总司令)intheAmericanRevolution.ThefirstPresidentoftheUnitedStates.Fatherofhiscountry美国国父(1732 1799)George Washington:Declaration of IndependenceDraftedby,assistedbyand.AdoptedbytheCongresson.TheDeclarationofficiallyproclaimedtheindependence of 13 North American colonies.John Adams(1735-1826)Thomas Jefferson(1743-1826)Benjamin Franklin(1706-1790)Thomas JeffersonJohn AdamsBenjamin FranklinJuly 4，1776allmenwereequalandthattheywereentitledtohavesomeunalienablerightssuchaslife,libertyandthepursuit of happiness.thepowersofgovernmentscamefromtheconsentofthegovernedandthepurposeofgovernmentswastosecuretherightsmentionedabove.It declared:It also explained the philosophy of governments:The theory of politics and the guiding principles of theAmericanRevolutionmainlycamefrom.(1632 1704)John LockeHe was an English philosopher regarded as one of the mostinfluentialofEnlightenmentthinkers.An Essay Concerning Human Understanding人类理解论人类理解论Lockenevermarriednorhadchildren.Declaration of IndependenceOn July 4,1776,the Congress formally declared the independenceTheDeclarationstates:“We hold these truths to self-evident:That all men are created equal;that they are endowed by their Creator with certain unalienable rights;that among these are life,liberty,and the pursuit of happiness;that to secure these rights,governments are instituted among men,deriving their just powers from the consent of the governed;that whenever any form of government becomes destructive of these ends,it is the right of the people to alter or to abolish it,”Thomas Jefferson “我们认为下述真理是不言而喻的：人人生而平等，造物主赋我们认为下述真理是不言而喻的：人人生而平等，造物主赋予他们若干不可让与的权力，其中包括生存权、自由权和追求幸福的权予他们若干不可让与的权力，其中包括生存权、自由权和追求幸福的权力。为了保障这些权利，人类才在他们中间建立政府，而政府的正当权力。为了保障这些权利，人类才在他们中间建立政府，而政府的正当权力则是经被统治者同意所授予的。任何形式的政府一旦对这些目标的实力则是经被统治者同意所授予的。任何形式的政府一旦对这些目标的实现起破坏作用时，人民便有权予以更换或废除现起破坏作用时，人民便有权予以更换或废除”The Battle of SaratogaThe Battle of SaratogaDate:17th October 1777Place:Saratoga in New York StateCombatants:British and German troops VS.the Americans and Result:Turning PointAn alliance between the U.S and FranceThe Battle of YorktownThe Battle of YorktownDate:October 1781Place:VirginiaCombatants:Americans and French Vs.the British The Battle of YorktownThe Battle of YorktownThe first official flagThe United States of America was bornSigned by John Adams,Benjamin Franklin,andJohn Jay(representingtheUnitedStates)David Hartley(a memberof the BritishParliamentrepresentingtheBritishMonarch)recognizedtheindependenceoftheUnitedStatesandgrantedthenewnationalltheterritorynorthofFlorida,southofCanadaandeastoftheMississippiRiver.TheWarofIndependencecametoanendin1781withthevictoryofNorthAmericaWhats the influence of the War of Independence?*It had great international influence.*The colonies in Spanish America rose up one after another to overthrow Spanish colonial rules.*The French Revolution*After the War of Independence,capitalism got a chance for freer development.*Territorial expansionIn 1788,13 colonies become the United States of AmericaBy1796,afewmorestateshavebeencreated.AmericabuysLouisianafromFrancein1803The Louisiana Purchase （1803）By1837,newstateshavebeencreatedaroundtheMississippi.By1850,OregonandCaliforniabecomestates.1843:OnethousandpeopletraveltoOregon1848:USAwinsTexasintheMexicanWar1849:Californiagoldrush1862:AnewlawgivesfreelandtosettlersThe Situation Before the War P114Three Great Tides“Westward Movement”Two economic systems in the North and the South North Capitalist Economy South Plantation The Growth of the working classUncle Toms CabinUncle Toms CabinUncle Toms Cabin1852Harriet Beecher Stowe An antislavery novel which had great political influence.So this is the little lady who made this big war.“-LincolnAmerican CivilWarIn1860,withtheNorthsupport,Lincolnwontheelection.Then11statesproclaimedthemselvesanindependentnationtheConfederateStatesofAmerica,andtheAmericancivilWarbegan.Abraham LincolnAbraham Lincoln解放黑奴宣言解放黑奴宣言解放黑奴宣言解放黑奴宣言Union States and Confederation StatesUnion States and Confederation StatesFall of Fort Sumter Started Civil WarFort Sumter A fort in Charleston harbor,South Carolina,where on April 12,1861,the troops of the Confederacy fired the shots,that began the Civil WarUnion armyUnion army Vs.Vs.Confederate armyConfederate army23 states(3/4)Industrial superiorityAbundant facilitiesMerchant marines,navyWealthy(2/3)11 states Agricultural Military.Preparing for the war.Superior military leadership.Robert E.LeeFighting on its own soilEmancipation ProclamationEmancipation Proclamation-On January 1,1863,Lincoln issuedthe Emancipation Proclamation,which granted freedom to all slaves in areas controlled by the confederacy.-This transformed the war from a war to save the Union,to a war to abolish slaveryBattle of Gettysburg(July 1863)The turning point Gettysburg Address“Government of the People by the People and for the People shall not perish from the earth”民有、民治、民享的政民有、民治、民享的政府将不致从地球上消失府将不致从地球上消失American Civil WarOn April 2,1865,Lee was forced to abandon Richmond,the Confederate capital.A week later,he surrendered to Grant at Appomattox Court House,and all other Confederate forces soon mander-in-chiefcommander-in-chiefOftheUnionarmyinOftheUnionarmyintheCivilWar.HetheCivilWar.Hewas18thpresidentwas18thpresidentofU.S.ofU.S.Ulysses Simpson Grant 格兰特格兰特Commander-in-chiefCommander-in-chiefoftheConfederateoftheConfederatearmyintheAmericanarmyintheAmericanCivilWar.CivilWar.Robert LeeRobert Lee罗伯特罗伯特罗伯特罗伯特 李将军李将军李将军李将军American Civil WarOnApril14,1865,LincolnwasassassinatedbytheactorJohnWilkesBooth,asympathizerwiththeSoutherncause.O Captain!My Captain!O Captain!My Captain!O Captain!My Captain!our fearful trip is done;The ship has weatherd every rack,the prize we sought is won;The port is near,the bells I hear,the people all exulting,While follow eyes the steady keel,the vessel grim and daring:But O heart!heart!heart!O the bleeding drops of red,Where on the deck my Captain lies,Fallen cold and dead.Significance and Effect of the War TheCivilWarwasanepoch-makingeventinAmericanhistory.Itwasabourgeoisrevolutioninnature.ThewarresolvedtwofundamentalquestionsthathaddividedtheUnitedStatessince1776.Itputanendtoslavery,whichwascompletelyabolishedbythe13thAmendmenttotheConstitutionin1865.Italsodecided,onceandforall,thatAmericawasnotacollectionofsemi-dependentstates,butasingleindivisiblenation.美国南北战争是美国历史上第二次资产阶级革命，虽然伤亡人数超过100万，但它废除了黑人奴隶制度，维护了国家统一，为美国资本主义的加速发展扫清了道路，并为美国跻身于世界强国之列奠定了基础。Reconstruction era(1865 1877)The 13th Amendment,ratified in December 1865,ended slavery in the United States.South responded by creating white terrorist society-KKK(Ku Klux Klan)The Gilded Age 1865 to 1890KKKKKK The Ku Klux Klan was originally founded by veterans of the Confederate Army in the southern states after the Civil War to oppose social change and black emancipation by violence and terrorism.Members disguise themselves in white robes and hoods,and often use a burning cross as a symbol of their organization.Its main purpose was to resist Reconstruction,and it focused on putting down the freed slaves(奉行白人至上主义，美国种族主义的代表性组织奉行白人至上主义，美国种族主义的代表性组织)Economic Development Theodore Roosevelt“Big Stick”WW I and the US The United States in the 1920s The Great Depression and the New Deal WWII and the USAmerican History(1900-1945)TheodoreRooseveltTheBigStick:ItwastakenfromanAfricanproverb,SpeaksoftlyandcarryaBigstick;youwillgofar.手持大棒大棒口如蜜,走遍天涯不着急(SmilingSoftlybutCarryingaBigStick)thepolicyofaggressionandexpansion.TheodoreRooseveltPresidentTheodoreRooseveltscontributionswerethreefold:(1)thewithdrawalof200millionacresofpubliclandasforestreserveandinitiationoflarge-scaleirrigationprojectssuchastheRooseveltDaminArizonaandunderthesupervisionoftheFederalgovernment;(2)theactiveuseoftheShermanAntitrustActtostopmonopolisticbusinessmergers;and(3)theadoptionoftheHepburnActof1906toregulaterailroadpricesanddoawaywithrebates(reductions).World War lWorld War l1914-1918the Central Powers Vs.the AlliesNeutrality Pro-Ally partialityCauses that made the U.S.enter the war(PP.115)World War lWorld War lMajorEuropeanpowersweredividedintotwomilitaryblocs:TheTripleAlliance-Germany,AustriaandItalyTheTripleEntente-Britain,FranceandRussialAmericanneutralityWorld War lWorld War lCauses that made the U.S.enter the war:1)GermanusedsubmarinetosinkshipsgoingtoEngland,itwouldhurtAmericantrade.2)GermansSchemeofAlliancewithMexico.3)GermanysentspiestodestroythefactoriesorshipsofUS.4)bothfightingsidesgrowweary.The Paris Peace ConferenceAftertheendofWWI,27victoriousnations(includingChina)AttendedonJan.18th,1919Todividethespoilsandredividethecolonies.ControlledbyAmerica,England,France,ItalyandJapan.TreatywassignedatVersailles.The Versailles TreatyThepeacetreatywasfinallysignedatVersaillesnearParis,onJune28,1919.ButtheU.S.CongressrefusedtoratifythetreatyasalmostthepointsWilsonhadproposedwererejected.Post WWI to the 1940sThe booming 1920s The1920selectionthefirstforwomenvotedforapresidentialcandidate.prevailingprosperity,conservativegovernmentalpolicyprivatebus