理工科英语2自考复习资料.ppt

单击此处编辑母版标题样式,单击此处编辑母版文本样式,第二级,第三级,第四级,第五级,*,*,*,第三章 非谓语动词,非谓语动词，顾名思义，就是不能作充当谓语使用，它包括不定式、分词（现在分词和过去分词）及动名词,一、不定式,动词不定式由,to+,动词原形构成，这里的,to,是不定式标志，没有词义。不定式具有名词、形容词或副词的某些语法功能，又有动词的时态和语态的特点及作用。,常用的形式如表所示（以及物动词,do,为例），不及物动词没有被动语态。,时态,/,语态,主动,被动,一般式,To do,To be done,进行式,To be doing,/,完成式,To have done,To have been done,完成进行式,To have been doing,/,有些动词可以用不定式作宾语，大致有三种情况。,有些及物动词用不定式作宾语，结构为动词,+,不定式。例如：,Attempt,企图,enable,能够,neglect,忽视,Afford,负担得起,demand,要求,long,渴望,Arrangement,安排,destine,注定,mean,欲望、打算,Begin,开始,expect,期望,omit,忽略，漏,Appear,似乎，显得,determine,决定,manage,设法,Cease,停止,hate,憎恨、厌恶,pretend,假装,Ask,问,dread,害怕,need,需要,Agree,同意,desire,愿望,love,爱,Swear,宣誓,volunteer,志愿,wish,希望,Bear,承受,endeavor,努力,offer,提供,Beg,请求,fail,不能,plan,计划,Bother,扰乱，烦恼,forget,忘记,prefer,喜欢，宁愿,Care,关心，喜欢,happen,碰巧,prepare,准备,Decide,决定,learn,学习,regret,抱歉，遗憾,Choose,选择,hesitate,犹豫,profess,表明,Claim,要求,hope,希望,promise,承诺，允许,Start,开始,undertake,承接,want,想要,Consent,同意，赞同,intend,想要,refuse,拒绝,Decide,决定,learn,学习,Contrive,设法，图谋,incline,有,倾向,propose,提议,try,试图,Seek,找，寻觅,例如：,The drive failed to see the other car in time,。能够及时看见另外一辆车。,He offered to help me,。他表示愿意帮助帮我。,2,）有些动词除了可以用不定式作宾语，还用不定式做补语，即动词,+,宾语,+,不定式的结构。例如：,ask,choose,expect,help,beg,intend,like/love,need,prefer,prepare,want,wish,例如：,I like to keep everything tidy,。我喜欢每件东西都保持整洁。,I like you to keep everything tidy,。我喜欢你是每件事情都保持整洁。,I want to speak to Tom,。我想和汤姆谈话。,3,）有些动词或动词词组可以用动词,+,疑问词,+,不定式的结构作宾语。例如：,decide,know,consider,forget,learn,remember,show,wonder,Find out,tell,inquire,Explain,例如：,Please show us how to do that,。请演示给我们如何去做。,There are so many kind of tape recorder on sale that cant make up my mind which to by,。这么多的录音机，我都拿不定主意买哪种。,不定式做补语,有些有动词,+,宾语,+,不定式的结构，例如：,advise,allow,cause,challenge,command,compel,drive,enable,forbid,encourage,force,impel,induce,instruct,invite,Like,love,order,Permit,Make,want,Have,request,Get,Warn,tell,Let,send,persuade,train,urge,例如：,Father will not allow us to play on the street,。父亲不让我们在街上玩耍。,The officer ordered his men to fire,。长官命令士兵开火。,注意：有些动词如,make,，,have,，,get,，,want,，等可用不定式作宾补，也可用分词作宾补。现在分词表达主动，过去分词表达被动。,有些动词,宾语,+,不定式的结构，不定式的动词往往是,be,，不定式一般可以省去。例如：,consider,find,believe,think,declare,appoint,guess,fancy,judge,imagine,know,例如：,We believe him to be guilty,。我们相信他是有罪的。,We know him to be a fool,。我们知道他是个笨蛋。（,to be,不能省去）,典型例题,Charles Babbage is generally considered _ the first computer,。,A.to invent B.inventing C.to have invented D.having invented,答案：,C,一般没有,consider+,宾语,+be,以外不定式的结构，也没有,consider+,宾语,+doing,的结构，排除,A,，,B,，,D.consider,用动词,be,以外的不定式做宾补时，一般要求不定式的完成式，故选,C,。,有些动词可以跟,there+to be,的结构，例如：,有些动词可以跟,there+to be,的结构,believe,expect,intend,like,love,Mean,understand,wish,want,prefer,例如：,we didnt expect there to be so many people there,。我没料到会有那么多人在那里。,You wouldnt want there to be another war,。你不至于想让另外一场战争发生吧。,3,、不定式主语,不定式做主语，往往用,it,做形式主语，真正主语不定式放在句子后面。,例如：,Its so nice to hear your voice.,听到你的声音真高兴。,Its necessary for you to lock the car when you do not use it.,不用车的时候，锁车是有必要的。,Its very kind of you to help us.,他帮助我们，他老好了。,It seemed selfish of him not to give them anything.,他不给他们任何东西，这显得太自私了。,但是，用不定式作主语的句子中还有一个不定式作表语时，不能用,It isto,的句型。另外，这样的句子，不能用动名词作表语。例如：,（对）,To teach is to learn.,(,错,)It is to learn to teach.,(,错,)To teach is learning.,（错）,Teaching is to learn,典型例题,The chair looks rather hard,but in fact it is very comfortable to,.,A.sit B.sit on C.be seat D.be sat on,答案：,B,。如果不定式为不及物动词，其后应有必要的介词。当动词与介词连词用时，常位于“形容词,+,动词不定式”结构的末尾。,4,、,Its for s b.,和,Its of s b,这样的句子中，由于表语形容词性质的不同，导致了不定式逻辑主语标志用,for,或,of,区别。,for s b.,句型中的形容词一般为表示事物的特征特点，表示客观形式的形容词，如,easy,hard,difficult,interesting,impossible,等：例如：,Its very hard for him to study two languages.,对他来说学两门外语是很难的。,of s b,句型中的形容词一般为表示性格，品德，心智能力，表示主观感情或态度的形容词，如,good,kind,nice,clever,foolish,right.,例如：,Its very kind of you to help me.,你来帮助我，你真是太好了。,用,for,还是用,of,的另一种辨别方法：,用介词,for,或,of,后面的逻辑主语作句子的主语，用介词前边的形容词作表语，造个句子。如果通顺用,of,不通则用,for.,例如：,You are nice.(,通顺，所以应用,of),。,He is hard.,（非所表达的意思，不通，因此用,for.,）,5,、不定式作表语,不定式可放在,be,动词后面，形成表语，例如：,My work is to clean the room every day.,我的工作是每天清扫房间。,His dream is to be a doctor.,他的梦想是成为一个医生。,6,、不定式作定语,不定式做定语通常要放在被修饰的词后，往往表示未发生的动作，例如：,I have a lot of work to do.,我有许多事要做。,There was nothing to bring home that morning.,那天早上（他回家时）两手空空。,7,、不定式作状语,1,）目的状语,常用结构为,to do,only to do(,仅仅为了,),，,in order to do,so as to do,so(such)as to(,如此,以便,),。,例如：,He ran so fast as to catch the first bus.,他飞快地跑以便赶上第一班车。,I come here only to say good-bye to you.,我来仅仅是向你告别。,2,）作结果状语，可以表示没有预料到的或事与愿违的结果，不定式要放在句子后面。,I awoke to find my truck gone.,我醒来发现箱子不见了。,He searched the room only to find nothing.,他搜索了房间，没发现什么。,3,）表原因,Im glad to see you.,见到你很高兴。,She wept to see the sight.,她一看到这情形就哭了。,表示理由和条件,He must be a fool to say so.,You will do well to speak more carefully.,8,用作介词的,to,To,可以用作介词，也可用作不定式的标示，下面的,to,都用作介词。,Admit to,Object to,Be accustomed to,Be used to,Stick to,Turn to(,开始）,Look forward to,Be devoted to,Pay attention to,Contribute to,Apologize to,Devote oneself to,省去,to,的动词不定式,情态动词（除,ought,外）后,使役动词,let,have,make,后，感官动词,see,watch,look at,notice,observe,hear,listen to,smell,feel,find,等后。,注意：被动语态中不能省去,to.,例如：,I saw him dance.,我看见他跳舞。,=He was seen to dance.,The boss made them work the whole night.,老板让他们整夜干活。,=They were made to work the whole night.,3)would rather,had better,句型后,4,）,Why/why no,句型后,5,）,help,后可带,to,也可不带,to,help s b (to)do,sth,:,6)but,和,except,后，,but,前是实义动词,do,时，后面出现的不定式不带,to.,比较,：,He wants to do nothing but go out.,他只想出去玩。,He wants to believe anything but to take the medicine.,除了吃这药，他什么都信。,7,）由,and,or,和,than,连接的两个不定式，第二个,to,可以省去：,8,）通常在,discover,imagine,suppose,think,等词后作定语时，可以省去,to be.,例如：,He is supposed(to be)nice.,他应该是个好人。,典型例题：,！）,-I usually go there by train.,-Why not _by boat for the a change?,A.to try going B.trying to go C.to try and go D.try going,答案：,D.why not,后面接不带,to,的不定式，因此选,D.,2)Paul doesnt have to made,.He always works hard.,A.learn B.t o learn C.learned D.learning,答案：,B.make,后接不带,to,的动词式，当其用于被动时，,to,不可省略。,动词不定式的否定式,在不定式标志,to,前加上,not.,例如：,Tell him not to shut the window.,让他别关窗。,She pretended not to see me when I passed by.,我走过的时候，她假装没看见。,典型例题,1,）,Mrs.Smith warned her daughter,after drinking.,A.never to drive B.to never driver C.never driving D.never drive,答案,:A.warn s b to do s t h.,的否定形式为,warn s b not to do,sth,.,此处用的是否定词,never.,2)The boy wanted to ride his bicycle in the street,but his mother told him,.,A.not to B.not to do C.not do it D do not to,答案：,A.not to,为,not to do it,的省略形式。可以只用,to,这个词，而不必重复整个式词组。及物动词,do,后应有宾语，因此,B,D,不对。,11,不定时的特殊句型,tooto,1)tooto,太。以至于不能。例如：,He is too excited to speak,。他太激动了，说不出话来。,-Can I help you?,需要我帮忙吗？,-Well,I am afraid the box is too heavy for you to carry it,but thank you all the same.,不用了。这箱子太重，恐怕你搬不动，谢谢。,2,）如在,too,前有否定词，则整个句子用否定词表达肯定。例如：,Its never too late to mend.,改过不嫌晚。（谚语）,3,）当,too,面前有,only,、,all,、,but,时意思是：非常,等于,very,，例如：,Im only too pleased to be able to help you.,能帮助你我非常高兴,.,He was but too eager to get home.,他非常想回家。,12.,不定式的特殊句型,so as to.,1,）表示目的：它的否定式是,so as not to do.,例如,:,Tom kept quite about the accident so as not to lose his job.,汤姆对事故保持沉默是为了不丢掉他的工作。,Go in quietly so as not to wake the baby.,轻点进去，别惊醒了婴儿。,3,）表示结果。例如：,Would you be so kind as to tell me the time?,劳驾,现在几点了,?,13.,不定式的特殊句型,Why not,“Why not+,动词原形”表达向某人提出建议，翻译为“为什么不,？”“干吗不,？”例如：,Why not take a holiday?,干吗不去度假？,14.,不定式的时态和语态,1,）一般式表示的动词，有时与谓语动词表示的动作同时发生，有时发生在谓语动词的动作之后，例如,He seems to know this.,他似乎知道这事。,I hope to see you again.=I hope that Ill see you again.,我希望再见到你。,2,）完成式表示的动作发生在谓语动词表示的动作之前。例如：,Im sorry to have given you so much trouble.,很抱歉，给你添了那么多的麻烦。,He seems to have caught a cold.,他好像已经得了感冒,.,3),进行式表示动作正在进行,与谓语动词表示的动作同时发生,.,例如,:,He seems to be eating something.,他好像正在吃什么东西,.,4),完成进行式表示动作从过去开始并延续至说话的时候,.,例如,:,She is known to have been working on the problem for many years.,我们知道她研究这问题有好几年了,15.,动名词与不定式,1,）动名词与不定式的区别：,动名词表达的是：状态，性质，心境，抽象，经常性，已发生的,不定式表达的是：目的，结果，原因，具体，一次性，将发生的,2,）有些动词如,go on,接不定式或动名词作宾语，意义大相径庭。常见的，下一节有专门讨论。,特殊词精讲,1,stop doing/to do,stop to do,停止，中断做某事后去做另外一件事，,stop doing,停止做某事。,例如：,They stop to smoking a cigarette.,他们停下来，抽了根烟。,I must stop smoking.,我必须戒烟了。,典型例题,She reached the top of the hill and stopped _on a big rock by the side of the path,。,A.to have rested B.resting C.to rest D.rest,答案：,C.,由题意可知，他到了山顶，停下来在一个路边的大石头上休息。因此，应选择“,stop to do s,th,停下来去做另外一件事”。而不仅仅是爬山动作的终止，所以,stop doing s,th,不正确。,2.forget doing/to do,Forget to do,忘了做某事，,forget doing,忘记做过某事。例如：,The light in the office is still on,。,He forget to turn it off,。办公室的灯还亮着他忘记关了。（没有关灯的动作）,He forget turning the light off,。他忘记他已经关了灯。（已做过关灯的动作）,典型例题,-The light in the office is still on.,-Oh,I forget_.,A.turning it off B.turn it off C.to turn it off D.having turned it off,答案：,C,。由,the light is still on,可知灯亮着，即关灯动作没有发生。因此用,forget to do,sth,。而,forget doing,sth,表示灯已经关上了，而忘记了这一事实。此处不符合题意。,3.rememberdoing/to do,Remember to do,记得去做某事，,remember doing,记得做过某事，例如：,Remember to go to the post office after school,。记得放学后去趟邮局。,Dont you remember seeing the man before?,你不记得以前见过那个人吗？,4.regret doing/to do,Regret to do,对将要做的是遗憾。,Regret doing,对做过的事遗憾，后悔。例如：,I regret to have to do this,，,but I have no choice,。我很遗憾必须这样去做，我实在没办法。,I dont regret telling her what I thought.,我不为告诉他我的想法而后悔。,典型例题,You were brave enough to raise objections at the meeting.,_Well,now I regret _that.,A.to do B.To be doing C.to have done D.having done,答案：,D.regret having done,sth,.,对已发生的事感到遗憾。,Regret to do,sth,.,对将要做的事感到遗憾。本题为对已说的话感到后悔，因此选,D.,5.cease doing/to do,Cease to do,长时间，甚至永远停做某事，,cease doing,短时停做某事，以后还会接着做。例如：,That department has ceased to exist forever.,那个系已不复存在。,The girls ceased chatting for a moment when their teacher passed by.,姑娘们在老师走过时，停了会聊天。,6.try doing/to do,Try to do,努力，企图做某事，,try doing,试验，试着做某事。例如：,You must try to be more careful.,你可要多加小心。,I tried gardening but didnt succeed.,我试着种果木花卉，单位成功。,7.go on doing/to do,Go on to do,做了一件事后，接着做另一件事，,go on doing,继续做原来做的事。例如：,After he had finished his,maths,he went on to do his physics.,做完数学后，他接着去做物理。,Go on doing the other exercise after you have finished this one.,做完这个练习后，接着做其他练习。,8.be afraid doing/to do,Be afraid to do,不敢，胆怯去做某事，是主观上的原因不去做，意为“怕”，,be afraid of doing,担心出现,doing,的状况，结果。,doing,是客观上造成的，意为“生怕，恐怕”。,例如：,She was afraid to step further in grass because she was afraid of being bitten by a snake.,她生怕被蛇咬着，不敢在草丛中在走一步。,She was afraid to step further in wake her husband.,她不敢去叫醒她丈夫。,She was afraid of waking her husband.,她生怕吵醒她丈夫。,9.be interested doing/to do,Interested to do,对做某事感兴趣，想了解某事。,Interested in doing,对某种想法感兴趣，,doing,通常为想法。例如：,I shall be interested to know what happens.,我很想了解发生了什么事。（想了解）,Im interested in working in,switzerland,.Do you have any idea about that?,我对在瑞士工作感兴趣，你想过这是吗？（一种想法）,10.mean doing/to do,Mean to do,打算，想。,Mean doing,意味着。例如,:,I mean to go,but my father would not allow me to.,我想去，但是我父亲不肯让我去。,To raise wage means increasing purchasing power.,增加工资意味着增加购买力。,11.begin,（,smart,）,doing /to do,Begin/start to do,sth,/begin/start doing,sth,.,1),谈及一项长期活动或开始一种习惯时，是用,doing.,例如：,How old were you when you first started playing the piano?,你几岁时开始弹钢琴？,2,）,begin,start,用进行时时，后面动词用不定式,to do.,例如：,I was beginning to get angry.,我开始生起气来。,3,）在,attempt,intend,begin,start,后接,know,understand,realize,这类动词时，常用不定式,to do.,例如：,I begin to understand the truth.,我开始明白真相。,4,）事物作主语时。例如：,The snow began to melt.,雪开始融化了。,12.,感官动词,+doing /to do,感官动词,see,watch,observe,notice,look at,hear,listen to,smell,taste,feel+do,表示动作的完整性，,+doing,表示动作的进行时。例如：,I saw him work in the garden yesterday.,昨天我看见他在花园里干活的,.,（强调“我看见了这个事实”）,I saw him working in the garden yesterday,。,（强调“我见他正干活”这个动作）昨天我见他正在花园里干活,.,典型例题,1,）,they knew her very well,，,they had seen her,up from childhood.,A grow B grew C was growing D to grow,答案,.A.,因题意为，他们看着她长大，因此强调的是成长的过程，而非正在长得动作，因此用,see,sb,do,sth,。的句型,2,）,The missing boy was last seen,near the river.,A.playing B.to be playing,C.play D.to play,答案,A.,本题强调其动作，正在河边玩，因此用,see,sb,doing,sth,句型,.,