语法篇专题10定语从句.ppt

专题十 定语从句,用一个句子作定语，此句子叫作定语从句。定语从句位于被它修饰的名词或代词之后。被定语从句修饰的词叫先行词，引导定语从句的词叫关系词。关系词可分为关系代词（,who,whom,whose,which,that),和关系副词,(when,where,why),关系词都充当从句的某个成分，它所替代的相应成分应省去。在定语从句中，当,who,which,that,作主语时，谓语的单复数应与先行词保持一致。,定语从句分为限制性定语从句和非限制性定语从句。非限制性定语从句与先行词的关系不如限制性定语从句与先行词的关系紧密，没有它，主句的意思也清楚，因此用逗号隔开。关系词在非限制性定语从句中的用法与在限制性定语从句中的用法基本一样。,八大关系词用法表,who,whose,whom,that,先行词是人时：从句中缺少主语用,who,；从句中缺少宾语用,whom,；从句中的主语缺少定语用,whose,；,that,可替换,who,和,whom,，作从句的主语或宾语。,The girl who/that became a nurse two years ago is my cousin.(who/that,作定语从句的主语,),Hawking is the disabled scientist whom/that we saw in Beijing last year.(whom/that,作定语从句中,saw,的宾语,),The boy whose mother is a famous singer is a little actor of 7.,（,whose,作定语从句的主语,mother,的定语。）,which,that,先行词是物时：从句中缺少主语或宾语用,which,；从句中主语缺少定语用,whose,；,that,可替换,which,，作从句的主语或宾语。,The research which/that was carried on for years was stopped.(which/that,作定语从句的主语,)The topic which/that you were talking about is related to,geography.(which,/that,作定语从句的宾语,),The two countries whose boundary is a river have been keeping a good relationship for fifty,years.(whose,作定语从句的主语的定语,),where,先行词是地点时：从句中缺少主语或宾语用,which/that;,不缺少主语或宾语用,where,where,在从句中充当地点状语。,The company where I am working is a transnational,company.(where,在定语从句中作地点状语,),when,先行词是时间时：从句中缺少主语或宾语用,which/that;,不缺少主语或宾语用,when,when,在从句中充当时间状语。,The years which/that I spent in the countryside are,unforgettable.(which,/that,作定从,spent,的宾语,),The months when we spent the holidays by the sea were,pleasant.(when,在定语从句中作时间状语,),why,先行词是原因时：从句中缺少主语或宾语用,which/that;,不缺少主语或宾语用,why,why,充当原因状语。表原因的先行词有,reason,excuse,explanation,等。,I don,t believe the reason which/that was obviously an,excuse.(which,/that,作定语从句的主语,),This is the excuse which/that she changed her mind,for.(which,/that,作定语从句介词,for,的宾语,)T,here must be some reason why he made such an abnormal decision.(,定语从句不缺少主语和宾语,),【,考点一,】,考查关系词的省略,whom/which/that,作定语从句的宾语时，可以省略。,The person,（,whom/that,）,they are looking for is,Mr,Wilde.,The topic,（,which/that,）,you were talking about is related to geography.,【,考点二,】,考查非限制性定语从句,1.,引导非限定性定语从句时，只能用,which,（不用,that,）。除,which,外，还可用,when,，,where,，,who,（,m,）等关系代、副词引导非限定性定语从句。,Lisa is an amateur actress,who acted an important part in a film.,This is a key senior high school,where I spent three years.,Finally I decided to stay in Chong,qing,，,where I finished my college study,2.,引导词,which,可以指前面整个句子的含义。,Lily stayed up late into the night,which made her mother anxious.,3.,在限定性定语从句中作宾语时，引导词可以省略，但引导非限定,性定语从句的连词不能省。,He was eager to go to the hospital to see his stepmother,，,whom he loved as his own mother,4.,置于句首时，非限制性定语从句只能用,as,引导，而置于句末时,as,和,which,都可以。但是当非限定性定语从句是否定意义时，只能用,which,引导。,The elephant is like a snake,as anybody can see.,=As anybody can see,the elephant is like a snake.,【,即学即练,】,单项填空,She heard the terrible noise,_ brought her heart into her mouth,A.it B.which C.this D.that,解析：选,B,。,which,指代前面的先行词,noise,，引导非限定性定语从句，并在从句中作主语。,Dorothy was always speaking highly of her role in the play,，,_,，,of course,，,made the others unhappy,A.who B.which C.this D.what,解析：选,B,。,which,指代前面的整个句子，引导非限制性定语从句。,_ is known to all,，,China will be an and powerful country in 20 or 30 years time.,That,；,advancing B.This,；,advanced,C.As,；,advanced D.It,；,advancing,解析：选,C,。置于句首时，非限制性定语从句只能用,as,引导。,advanced,先进的；,advancing,年事渐高的。,The weather turned out to be very good,，,_ was more than we could expect,A.what B.which C.that D.if,解析：选,B,。句中,more than,的本意为“超过”，“超过了我们的预料”。,which,指代前面的整个句子。,【,考点三,】,关系代词,that,或,which,指物时，宜用,that,而不用,which,的情况,1.,先行词为,all,much,little,none,few,one,something,anything,等不定代词时。,Is there anything(that)I can do for you,Mum?(that,作宾语时可省略,),I shall do all(that)I can to help you.(that I can,是定语从句,修饰,all,；,to help you,是动词不定式作目的状语,),2.,先行词被形容词最高级、序数词等修饰或被,only,any,few,much,little,no,all,one of,等修饰时。,Much money that had been donated was sent to the disaster area.,This is the most interesting book(that)I have ever read.,You are the very kind of person(that)we have been looking for.,3.,先行词是人和物共用时只能用,that,。,He was looking pleasantly at the children and parcels that filled his bus.,The old man and his dog that live near here are strolling in the park.,4.,当主句中含有疑问词,which,时。,Which are the books that you bought for me?,5.,先行词在主句中作表语，或关系代词在从句中作表语时。,The village is no longer the one that was 5 years ago.,China is no longer the country that it used to be.,6.,当主句是,there be,句型时，修饰其主语的定语从句宜用,that,指代物。,There is a seat in the corner that is still free.,7.,在一个句子中有两个定语从句，其中一个定语从句的关系代词用了,which,另一个定语从句的关系代词用,that,。,Edison built up a factory which produced things that had never been seen before.,【,考点四,】,考查关系代词宜用,which,而不用,that,的情况,1.,在非限制性定语从句中。,Bamboo is hollow,which makes it light.,2.,在关系词前有介词时。,This is the room in which Chairman Mao once lived.,3.,当先行词本身是,that,时。,The clock is that which can tell us the time.,4.,当关系词离从句较远时。,Here is the English grammar which,as I have told you,will help improve your English.,5.,在一个句子中有两个定语从句，其中一个定语从句的关系代词用了,that,另一个宜用,which,。,Let me show you the novel that I borrowed from the library which was newly open to us.,【,考点五,】,考查关系代词,who,与,that,指人时，也有不同情况分别用不同的关系词,1.,当主句是,there be,句型时，关系词用,who,指代人。,Theres a gentleman who wants to see you.,2.,先行词为,anyone,those,someone,everyone,one,等词时，关系词用,who,。,The person I want to learn from is one who studies hard and works well.,3.,当主句是,who,作疑问词时，关系词用,that,。,Who is that girl that is standing by the window?,4.,一个句子中带有两个定语从句，其中一个定语从句的关系代词是,that,另一个宜用,who,以避免重复。,The student that was praised at yesterdays meeting is the monitor who is very modest and works very hard.,【,考点六,】,考查介词提前,1.whom/which,作介词的宾语时，介词可提到,whom/which,之前，此时,whom/which,不能省略，也不能用,that,替换。,The lady to whom you spoke last Wednesday is Pauls wife.,I have a telescope with which I can observe the stars in space.,2.,如果被提前的是一个介词短语，应把整个介词短语提前，不能拆开。如果被提前的是一个动词短语，介词不能提前。,I bought a map according to which we can find the destination.,The man they referred to just now is a promising person.,=The man whom/that they referred to just now is a promising person.,Lei,Feng,，,from whom we have once learned a lot,，,is now an example to the soldiers of West Point Military School,（西点军校）,of America.,关系代词前的介词,from,，与从句的谓语动词,learn,构成习惯表达,learn from,（向,学习）,【,即学即练,】,单项填空,In the office I never seem to have time until after 5,：,30 pm _,，,many people have gone home,A.whose time B.that C.on which D.by which time,解析,:,选,D,。,by which time,即,by“after,5,：,30”“,到五点三十分以后”。介词的选择取决于这个介词与先行词或从句之间的关系。,【,考点七,】,关系副词与关系代词的转换,1.where=in/at+which,The Bermuda Triangle(which/that)many ships disappeared in is a mysterious place.,=The Bermuda Triangle in which/where many ships disappeared is a mysterious place.,2.when=in/on/at/during+which,The time(which/that)the football match begins at is eight oclock.,=The time at which/when the football match begins is eight oclock.,3.whose=of which/,whom+the,+,物,/,人,=the+,物,/,人,+of which/whom,of which/whom,前还可以加形容词最高级、数词、不定代词等。,Tibet,whose scenery is rather unique,is a summer resort.,=Tibet,of which the scenery/the scenery of which is rather unique,is a summer resort.,The tourists,of whom the eldest is 70/the eldest of whom is 70,are from Singapore.,I saw three films this month,two of which were very interesting.,4.why=for which,The reason(which/that)hes absent from the meeting for is not clear.,=The reason for which/why hes absent from the meeting is not clear.,【,即学即练,】,单项填空,After living in Paris for 50 years he returned to the small town _ he grew up as a child,A.which B.where C.that D.when,解析：选,B,。因为表地点的先行词,the small town,在从句中作状语；当表地点的先行词在从句中作主、宾、表语时，则要用,that,或,which,引导定语从句。,I shall never forget the years I lived in the countryside with the farmers,，,has a great effect on my life.,A.that,；,which B.when,；,which C.which,；,that D.when,；,who,解析：选,B,。,when,在定语从句中作时间状语；,which,引导非限制性定语从句。,【,考点八,】,分裂式定语从句,定语从句被一个词、短语等与先行词隔开时，叫分裂式定语从句。为避免头重脚轻，可把修饰主语的定语从句置于谓语之后。,I bought a house with a garden in front,where I can grow flowers.(,定语从句被介词短语,in front,与先行词隔开,),Do you remember the snowy night ten years ago when I got here?(,定语从句被词组,ten years ago,与先行词隔开,),【,考点九,】than/but/as,作关系代词的用法,1.,先行词有比较级修饰时用,than,；先行词有否定词修饰时用,but,，表示双重否定，此时的,but=who/which/that.not.,My mother always gives me more money than is,needed.(than,作定语从句主语,),This year,the farmers have harvested more grain than was expected.(than,作定语从句主语,),There is not a student but wants to go to university.,=There is not a student who/that doesnt want to go to,university.(but,作定语从句主语,),2.,先行词有下列词修饰时只能用,as,如：,as.,as,；,so.as,；,such.as,；,the same+,名词,+as,。,You can buy as many books as you want in this bookstore.(as,作,want,的宾语,),Such computers as are used in our office are made in South,Korea.(as,作定语从句的主语,),This jewel is the same one as I showed you the other day.(as,作,showed,的直接宾语,),This jewel is the same one that I showed you the other,day.(that,作,showed,的直接宾语）,请注意“,the same+,名词,+as”,与“,the same+,名词,+that”,的区别。,定语从句是高中阶段的重点语法项目之一。因此，有必要全面弄清其用法。定语从句从句型上讲，它与六种句式相似，十分容易混淆。为了分清定语从句与这六种句型的差异，现将其分类例析如下。,【,难点一,】,定语从句与并列句,用一个恰当的词完成下列句子，使之完整、正确,Mr,Li has three daughters,，,none of _ is an engineer,Mr,Li has three daughters,，,but none of _ is a dancer,Mr,Li has three daughters,；,_ are doctors,解析：定语从句与并列句的主要区别在于：并列句有像,and,，,but,，,so,等并列连词或两个句子用分号连接，这时就不能再用引导定语从句的关系词了。从结构上看,:,小题是定语从句，故填,whom,；小题有并列连词,but,，是并列句，故填代词,them,；小题是两个并列分句，无需连接词，缺少主语，故填,none,或,they,。,【,难点二,】,定语从句与地点状语从句,用一个恰当的词完成下列句子，使之完整、正确。,Rice doesnt grow well _ there is not enough water,I still remember the farm _ my parents worked ten years ago,解析：定语从句与地点状语从句的主要区别在于：定语从句有表示地点的先行词，而地点状语从句则没有；定语从句的关系词根据需要可用“介词,which”,来代替,where,，而地点状语从句则通常只能由,where,引导。因此，从结构上看,:,小题无表示地点的先行词，故为表示地点的状语从句，填,where,；小题中,the farm,是先行词，是定语从句，故填,where,，此处的,where,可用,on which,替换。,【,难点三,】,定语从句与强调句,用一个恰当的词完成下列句子，使之完整、正确,It is on the morning of May 1st _I met Liang Wei at the airport,It is the factory _,Mr,Wang works,解析：定语从句与强调句的主要区别在于：强调句的结构为“,It is,was,被强调部分,that,从句”。被强调部分可以是除谓语以外的任何成分，当被强调部分是人时，还可用,who,代替,that,。这一,句型中，一定不能因为被强调部分是表时间或地点的词就用,when,或,where,代 替,that,。从结构上看，小题是强调句，故填,that,。此种情况检测的标准是：先把强调句中的,It is,was.that,去掉，再把被强调部分还原，在不增加或减少任何单词的情况下，如句子仍然成立则为强调句，否则为定语从句。可将第小题改为：,I met Liang Wei on the morning of May 1st at the airport,显然，这句话是正确的，故为强调句。小题则是定语从句，用上述方法转换便知,the factory,前缺少个介词,in,，故填,where,。,【,难点四,】,定语从句与结果状语从句,用一个恰当的词完成下列句子，使之完整、正确,I have the same computer _ you have,She is such a kind and funny girl _ all of us like to make friends with her,解析：定语从句与结果状语从句的主要区别在于（这里只讨论,the same.as,that,和,such.as/that,两种情况）：在这两种情况下，如果,as,that,既引导从句，同时又在从句中充当一定的成分，则,as,that,引导的是定语从句。在,the same,as,that,结构中，用,as,指一样,的，但不是同一个事物；用,that,指同一物品，故小题填,as,；如果,as,that,在从句中不作任何成分，只起连接作用，则,as,that,引导的是结果状语从句，故小题填,that,。,【,难点五,】,定语从句与单句,用一个恰当的词完成下列句子，使之完整、正确,The mother told the lazy boy to work,，,_ didnt help,The mother told the lazy boy to work,_ didnt help,解析：含有定语从句的复合句与两个单句的主要区别在于：前者有主句，有从句，必须有关系词；而后者则是两个单独的句子，不需要任何关联词。小题两个句子用逗号连接且没有并列连词，显然应是主从句关系，因此需用关系词,which,，前面整个句子作先行词；小题则填,It,，代替前面的整个句子。解题时，注意标点符号的运用。,1.As a child,Jack studied in a village school,_ is named after his grandfather.(2010,全国,I),A.which B.where C.what D.that,解析：选,A,。定语从句所修饰的先行词是,school,，它在定语从句中作主语，因此使用关系代词，选项中的关系代词只有,which,和,that,，由于是非限制性定语从句，不能使用,that,，因此选择,A,。,2.I refuse to accept the blame for something _ was someone elses fault.(2010,全国,),A.who B.that C.as D.what,解析：选,B,。不定代词,something,作主语，用,that,引导。,3.Stephen Hawking believes that the earth is unlikely to be the only planet _ life has developed gradually.,（,2010,福建）,A.that B.where C.which D.whose,解析：选,B,。先行词为,planet,，表示地点，故用,where,。,4.Ive become good friends with several of the students in my school _I met in the English speech contest last year.(2010,湖南,),who B.where C.when D.Which,解析：选,A,。先行词是前句中的,students,，在定语从句中是,met,之后的宾语，,student,指人，又作了宾语，所以选,who,（也可以是,that,或者可以省略）。,5.The girl arranged to have piano lessons at the training centre with her sister _ she would stay for an hour.(2010,江西,),A.where B.who C.which D.what,解析：选,A,。先行词为,centre,she would stay for an hour,不缺少宾语或主语,故要填状语,表地点用,where,。,6.Children who are not active or _ diet is high in fat will gain weight quickly.(2010,北京,),A.what B.whose C.which D.that,解析：选,B,。第二个定语从句中的主语与先行词,children,之间是所属关系，故选,B,。,A,项中的,what,不能引导定语从句。,7.Thats the new machine _ parts are too small to be seen.(2010,山东,),A.that B.which C.whose D.what,解析：选,C,。空格处引导定语从句并且在从句中作定语使用，所以使用,whose,。,8.The old temple _ roof was damaged in storm is now under repair.(2010,陕西,),A.where B.which C.its D.whose,解析：选,D,。先行词是,the old temple,，关系词在从句中作,roof,的定语，用关系代词,whose,，选,D,。其余选项与题意不符。,9.After graduating from college,，,I took some time off to go traveling,，,_ turned out to be a wise decision.(2010,四川,),A.that B.which C.when D.where,解析：选,B,。此处应为,which,引导的非限制性定语从句，,which,代替前边整个句子。,10.Can you believe I had to pay 30 dollars for a haircut?,You should try the barbers _ I go.Its only 15.(2010,天津,),A.as B.which C.where D.that,解析：选,C,。句中,the barbers,是先行词，从句中,go,是不及物动词，所选关系词在从句中作状语，所以要用,where,。,11.The settlement is home to nearly 1,000 people,many of _left their village homes for a better life in the city.(2010,浙江,),whom B.which C.them D.Those,解析：选,A,。由,many,之前的逗号和选项特征，此处是主从句关系，排除,C,、,D,两项。由于先行词是“,1,000 people”,，表示人，故用,whom,。,12.In China,the number of cities is increasing _ development is recognized across the world.(2010,重庆,),A.where B.which C.whose D.that,解析：选,C,。,development,与先行词,cities,之间是所属关系，所以选,whose,。,13.The newly-built caf,the walls of _ are painted light green,is really a peaceful place for us,especially after hard work.,（,2010,江苏）,A.that B.it C.what D.which,解析：选,D,。定语从句中的主语表示的是“咖啡屋的墙”。,14.Wind power is an ancient source of energy,_,we may return in the near future.(2010,上海,),A.on which B.by which C.to which D.from which,解析：选,C,。此处考查的是介词加关系代词引导定语从句。,=Wind power is an ancient source of energy which/that we may return to in the near future.,15.We have gathered nearly 100,000 quilts,_ up to half will go to the earthquake-hit areas.(2010,潍坊市,5,月高三适应性训练,),A.with which B.in which C.for which D.of which,解析：选,D,。考查介词,+which,引导的定语从句。这里表示的是范围，所以应用,of which,。,16.She said that the building would be finished by October,_ I doubt very much.(2010,杭州市第二次教学质量检测,),A.that B.this C.when D.which,解析：选,D,。先行词是,that,引导的宾语从句，空白处用,which,代替先行词在定语从句中作,doubt,的宾语。,17.Im told that,is a free website _ learners can not just learn various languages but also chat online.(2010,福建省厦门市高中毕业班质量检查,),A.that B.which C.where D.whose,解析：选,C,。,where,引导定语从句，在从句中作状语，说明学习语言和在线聊天的地点。,18.He expressed his gratitude to his head teacher,without _ help he wouldnt have made such great progress in his studies.(2010,合肥市高三第三次教学质量检测,),A.whose B.his C.whom D.which,解析：选,A,。分析句子成分可知，,help,与先行词,his head teacher,之间构成所属关系，故用关系代词,whose,。,19.Many youth went to the Shanghai Science and Technology Museum on Nov.16,2009,_,U.S.President,Barack Obama delivered a speech during his four-day state visit.(2010,皖南八校高三第二次联考,),A.which B.in that C.where D.that,解析：选,C,。关系副词,where,在定语从句中作地点状语。,20.He managed to achieve his goal in a way _.(2010,江西省抚州一中高三上学期第四次同步测试,),A.what you thought was impossible,B.that you thought was impossible,C.you thought was impossible,D.in which you thought was impossible,解析：选,B,。定语从句中,you thought,是插入语，故