Individualism--Group-1.ppt

单击此处编辑母版标题样式,单击此处编辑母版文本样式,第二级,第三级,第四级,第五级,*,单击此处编辑母版标题样式,单击此处编辑母版文本样式,第二级,第三级,第四级,第五级,*,Individualism,Group members,:,陈林苗,李海螺,李青梦,赖晓燕,Contents,3,1,2,4,1,A General Introduction of Individualism,1,Manifestation of Individualism in American,Society,A comprehensive appraisal of individualism,Comparison between American Individualism and Chinese Collectivism,Part 1,A General Introduction of Individualism,By 李青梦,Contents,Definitions of Individualism,Manifestations of Individualism,(general),The Origination of Individualism,Ranking of Individualism,What Value Differences Can We See?,美国人问:中美人的主要区别是什么?我说:你们就像你们的菜,这是鸡,这是炸土豆条,这是柠檬,全部分开摆,由你挑着吃.我们就像我们的菜,都切碎了,拌在一起炒,还嫌粘不到一块儿,再勾上些团粉,这样味儿才出来.大笑.,你们与人接触,首先是拉开距离,然后选择;我们是先混在一起,然后区别.我们的麻烦往往是绞成一团,人与人之间的关系比较琐碎;你们的麻烦往往是孤独.,-冯骥才,侃洋人,2005.7.P18,Definitions of Individualism,Wikipedia,Individualism,is the,moral,stance,political philosophy,ideology,or social outlook that,stresses the,moral worth,of the,individual,.,Definitions of Individualism,1 The quality of,being different from other people,and doing things,in your own way,个性,2 The belief that individual people in society should have the right to,make their own decisions,etc.rather than to be controlled by the government,In political sense,Oxford Advanced Learners English-Chinese Dictionary,Manifestations of Individualism,Individual Initiative,个体的主动性,Independence,独立,Individual Expression,言论自由,Privacy,隐私权,The Origination of Individualism,From a historical point of view,From a religious perspective,Ranking of Individualism,U.S.A,1,Taiwan,China,36,Australia,2,Peru,37,Great Britain,3,Pakistan,38,Canada,4,Colombia,39,Netherlands,5,Venezuela,40,Ranking of Individualism,Part 2,Manifestation of Individualism in American Society,BY 陈林苗,Personal privacy,Personal freedom,Personal equality,Self-reli,a,nce,Self-expression,1,2,4,3,5,Personal Privacy,In America,personal privacy is respected highly and protected by the law.,e,.,g,.,Cultural taboo in greeting,age,marriage,job,salary,etc,One must telephone before he pays a visit to another even including his friends or relatives.,Anybody mustnt step into anothers house without permission.,No one has the right to read any others letter even parents mustnt read their childrens private letters.,Personal Freedom,Personal freedom,as well as equal opportunity,is the basic foundation for every member of the society to achieve their self-fulfillment,.,e,.,g,.,the freedom to be occupied in any vocation,the freedom to obtain knowledge,the freedom to marry someone and have a child,the freedom to believe in God,Personal Equality,They believe in equality of opportunity.It means each individual should have an equal chance for success.,e,.,g,.,Benjamin Franklin,Poor young guy,great efforts,wealthy and successful man,Self-reliance,This means achieving both,financial,and,emotional,independence from their parents as early as possible.,e,.,g,.,take care of themselves,solve their own problems,stand on their own two feet,Self-expression,Brave enough to express themselves,fond of being the center of attention,enjoy taking a risk.,e,.,g,.,American students are active in the class,putting up hands and striving to be the first.,One may fail to get a job if he or she declares the capacities are limited.,The host are used to say the dishes are the best prepared.,The Comparison Between American individualism and Chinese collectivism,Part 3,By 赖晓燕,Case 1,Americans would pay more attention to fishes,;,Chinese would pay more attention to the context.,Fish tank,Case 2,Americans:A+C,Chinese:B+C,A.Chicken,（鸡）,B.Hay,（干草）,C.Cattle,（牛）,Comparison with several representative examples,1.Linguistic culture,2.Greeting,3.Family and marriage,4.Education,American idioms and phrases,God helps those who help themselves.（天助自助者）,All men are created equal.（人生而平等）,Self-made（靠自我力量成功的）,Self-absorption（自我专注）,Self-admiration（自我赞赏）,Self-centered(自我为中心的),Self-fulfilling（自我满足的）,Chinese Idioms and Phrases,先天下之忧而忧，后天下之乐而乐,天下兴亡，匹夫有责,精忠报国，死而无憾,循规蹈矩,克己守道,三纲五常,贵有自知之明,人言可畏（死要面子）,Different manifestations in Greeting,In America,personal privacy is respected highly and protected by the law.,Personal privacy:age,marriage,religion,economic situation and so on,Daily greeting:,A:Hi,Jack,how are you?,B:Fine,thanks.And you?,A:Im terrific.Thank you.,In China,people always ask ones age,job and salary when they meet with each other.These greetings that are considered very common in China are cultural taboo in America because Americans believe that these are personal privacy.,Popular greetings in China:,“Where are you going?”,“Have you eaten your meal?,“How old are you?”,Different Opinions on Family,The American family is a nuclear family,consisting usually of parents and their unmarried children.And every family member has their own equal rights.,After the children getting married,they should move out to rent or buy a house.,When the children reach 18 years old,they should be economic-independent.But they also have no duty to support their parents when they become old.,In Chinese family,the young and the old always live together.,Its the youngs duty to respect the seniority and to support them.,Different Opinions on marriage,Americans believe that marriage is a very private thing and once two people fall in love with each other they will try to overcome difficulties to pursue the true love.,Parents have no rights to decide their childrens marriage partner and its all upon their children.And children also dont interfere into their parents marriage.So its common to see:“He is my mothers boyfriend”.,In China,a childs marriage is not only his/her own thing but the whole familys thing.Children also can freely choose their boyfriend/girlfriend,but once they mention marriage it must be agreed by parents of each families.The parents will consider a lot of factors to make sure that their children will lead a happy life.,Chinese families are much more stable than American families.,Different opinions on education,American parents pay much attention to foster childrens independence from very little.,Chinese parents will focus entire love on their children and give what they have to their children to make their life better and easier.,In American classes,students are encouraged to build up their individual character and to question teachers opinions.So the classroom atmosphere is very active.,However,in China,due to prolonged exposure under the an education system which emphasizes cramming and unidirectional teaching,students do not like to speak out or to ask questions.,A comprehensive appraisal of,individualism,Part Four,By 李海螺,Alexis de Tocqueville,Democracy in America,论美国民主,An influential study of Americas national government,egalitarian ideals,and character offers reflections on the effect of majority rule on the rights of individuals and provides insight into the rewards and responsibilities of a democratic government.,Dialectic Perspective,Advantages,Politics,Economy,Culture,Social life,E,xcessive disparities in wealth,The existence of racial discrimination,Other social problems,Disadvantages,Individualism,Politics,Typical representation：,Liberty and Equality,Great achievements：,The Declaration of Independence,1787,the United States Constitution,独立宣言与美国宪法 应当常备案头，,反复诵读，对每个人都有好处。,Economic,Typical representation：,Competition,Great achievements：,The thriving economic,Individualism,Diversification,Creativity,Prosperity,Competition,Culture,Typical representation：,Personal Heroism,Specific Examples：,Movies,Social life,Typical representation：,Personal desire comes first,Specific Examples：,Instalment,E,xcessive disparities in Wealth,The excessive competition leads the American economy to an extreme the social treasure is concentrated in a few economic giants hands.,1%40%,据美联社报道，占全美国20比例的最贫困家庭在过去20年的收入平均仅增长了2660美元，增长幅度为19；而占全美5比例的最富裕家庭的收入平均增长了451万美元，增长幅度为59。,The,E,xistence of,R,acial,D,iscrimination,The racial discrimination can not be abolished completely because of individualism.,Politic,s:,The black are still considered as second-class citizen.,Econom,y:,Compared with the white,the black do not have equal right to workand thus they are in rough living condition.,Education,:,Most of the black can only go to the low quality schools,.,Other,S,ocial,P,roblems,Drug,Crime,Violence,Homosexuality,References,Http:/论日常交际中折射出的美国个人主义价值观【J】.南昌高专学报，2008，（5）,李建红.论美国文化的个人主义表现【J】.湖南工程学院学报，2004，（6）,张孟媛.美国个人主义的清教源流【J】.美国研究，2009，（3）,王晓俊.试论美国个人主义价值观的根源【J】.河南商业高等专科学校学报，2010，（4）,皮小卉.美国的个人主义价值观探析【J】.山东省农业管理干部学院学报，2007，（2）,杨云，美国个人主义文化研究【J】湖南文理学院,The Essence of the Western Individualism,T,hank,you,