Figures-of-speech123.ppt

单击此处编辑母版标题样式,单击此处编辑母版文本样式,第二级,第三级,第四级,第五级,*,单击此处编辑母版标题样式,单击此处编辑母版文本样式,第二级,第三级,第四级,第五级,*,Figures of Speech,A,figure of speech,is the use of a word or words diverging from its usual meaning.It can also be a special repetition,arrangement or omission of words with literal meaning,or a phrase with a specialized meaning not based on the literal meaning of the words in it,as in idiom,metaphor,simile,hyperbole,or personification.,Definition,Figures of speech often provide emphasis,freshness of expression,or clarity,heighten effect,or create suggestive imagery.However,clarity may also suffer from their use,as any figure of speech introduces an ambiguity between literal and figurative interpretation.A figure of speech is sometimes called a rhetorical figure.,Function,Simile,a figure of speech makes a comparison between two unlike elements having at least one quality or characteristic in common.To make the comparison,words like,as,as.as,as if,and,like,are used to transfer the quality we associate with one to the other.,As cold waters to a thirsty soul,so is good news from a far country.,My love is like a red red rose.,Tom is as tall as his brother.,(not a simile),Tom is as tall as a tower.,(simile),Examples,Type One:like.,E.g.,Living without an aim is like sailing without a compass.,Type Two:as,.,E.g.,Men fear death,as children fear to go in the dark.,As firm as a rock,As brave as a lion,As obstinate as a cow,As white as snow,As changeable as the weather,As proud as a peacock,As fresh as a rose,Type Three:what.,Two Patterns:,A is to B what C is to D.,What C is to D,A is to B.,E.g.,Reading is to the mind what exercise is to the body.,What salt is to food,wit and humor are to conversation and literature.,Type Four:than.,E.g.,A home without love is no more than a body without a soul.,Type Five:and.,E.g.,Truth and roses have thorns about them.,A word and stone let go cannot be recalled.,Metaphor,A figure of speech containing an implied comparison,in which a word or phrase ordinarily and primarily used of one thing is applied to another.,(Websters New World Dictionary),A comparison is usually implicit;whereas in simile it is explicit.,Metaphors,are often easy to identify and take the form,X is Y,.,Something or someone is being compared to something or someone else through a construction using the appropriate part of the verb,to be,(i.e.am,are,is,was,were,will be).,Marriage is a book of which the first chapter is written in poetry and remaining chapters in prose.,Some books are to be tasted,others swallowed,and some few to be chewed and digested.(,Of Studies,Bacon),All the worlds a stage,And all men and women merely players;,They have their exits and entrances,And one man in his time plays many parts,His acts being seven ages,(Shakespeare,As you Like it,),Personification,It gives human form of feelings to animals,or life and personal attributes(,赋予,)to inanimate objects,or to ideas and abstractions.,1.O,my loves like a red,red rose,Thats newly sprung in June:,O,my loves like the melody,Thats sweetly played in tune.,Robert Burns,2.Kindness is the golden chain by which the,world is bound.,-(Goethe),3.The rain to the wind said,“You push and Ill pelt,”,They so smote the garden bed,That the flowers actually knelt,And lay lodged though not dead,I know how the flowers felt.,(Robert Frost),Questions:what figures of speech have been adopted respectively?Whats the difference?,1:simile;2:metaphor;3:personification.,1 Very lively.,A lie can travel half way around the world while the truth is putting on its shoes.,真理还来不及穿上鞋子，谎言已经走遍了半个世界。,Metonymy,*A figure of speech that consists in using the name of one thing for that of something else with which it is associated.,*Function:brief,vivid,interesting,转喻,(Metonymy),是指当甲事物同乙事物不相类似，但有密切关系时，可以利用这种关系，以乙事物的名称来取代甲事物，这样的一种修辞手段。转喻的重点不是在“相似”；而是在“联想”。转喻又称借代,E.g.,The pen is mightier than the sword.,He keeps a good table.,(,待客周到,以丰盛的饮食招待客人,),This is the struggle between the kimono and the miniskirt.,Synecdoche,提喻,提喻是不直接说某一事物的名称，而是借事物的本身所呈现的各种对应的现象来表现,;,部份代整体，或整体代部份,a term is used in one of the following ways:,1.Part of something is used to refer to the whole thing,2.A thing(a whole)is used to refer to part of it,3.A specific class of thing is used to refer to a larger,more general class,4.A general class of thing is used to refer to a smaller,more specific class,5.A material is used to refer to an object composed of that material,Examples,Many hands make light work,;,All hands on deck!,the good book,or The Book for the Bible,John Hancock for the signature of any person,glasses for spectacles,steel for a sword,barrel for a barrel of oil,Transferred Epithet,修饰语移置,Epithet,:An adjective or descriptive,phrase that refers to the character or,most important quality of someone,(,表示某人性格或最主要特征的,),修饰语或描述性短语,移就,这种修饰语不直接说明它所修饰对象的性质、形象或特色，而往往转个弯子去表示该对象给人的某种感觉。,a dizzy height,:,a.,height that is dizzy,b.,a height that cause people to feel dizzy,(,令人眼晕的高度,),a sleepless bed:,a.,a bed that is sleepless,b.,a bed on which the sleeper has little sleep,(,寝不安枕,),a sweet voice,:,一个甜嗓子,(,表示味觉的形容词转移到了听觉,),a icy look,:,一副冷漠神色,(,表示触觉的形容词转移到视觉,),I spoke to them in,hesitant French,.,After,an unthinking moment,she put her pen into her mouth.,Hyperbole/Overstatement,Definition:An exaggerated or extravagant statement used as a figure of speech;Exaggeration for effect,not meant to be taken literally Extravagant exaggeration,.,Function:exaggerate the tone,Compare:,He ran down the avenue,making a loud noise.,He ran down the avenue,making a noise,like ten horses at a gallop.,The most effective water power in the world womens tears,For she was beautiful,her beauty made,the bright world dim,and everything beside,seemed like the fleeting image of a shade.,Shelly,The hyperbole her beauty made the bright world dim expresses the speakers great admiration for the female figure.What the poet intends to say,put in plain terms,is that she was extraordinarily beautiful.,To be,or not to be:that is the question,Whethert is nobler in the mind to suffer,The slings and arrows of outrageous fortune,Or to take arms against,a sea of troubles,And by opposing end them?.,(Shakespeares,Hamlet,),生存还是毁灭,这是一个值得考虑的问题；,默默忍受命运的暴虐的毒箭，,或是挺身反抗人世的无涯的苦难，,在奋斗中结束一切？,A hyperbole is often metaphorical.The phrase,a sea of troubles,in line four is an exaggerated as well as metaphoric way of saying that it is a great quantity of troubles,Understatement,(,低调,/,含蓄陈述,),Statement that expressed an idea,etc,too,weakly,；,the opposite of hyperbole,or overstatement.It achieves its effect of emphasizing a fact by deliberately understating it,impressing the listener or the reader more by what is merely implied or left unsaid than by bare statement.low profile,This problem is not above us,He is a man not without ambition.,Money is a kind of tight,but I can manage.,Onomatopoeia,（拟声）,Definition:,Combination of sounds in a word that,imitating what the word refers to,like hiss,or boom;imitation of sound,；,Sound from nature,Function:association,direct,vivid.,The stream flows through the woods.,The stream is,murmuring,through the woods.,Dasi started laughing.,Dasi started,giggling,.,Cows low,moo.,（哞哞叫）,Cocks crow.,Cats mew,purr,Lions roar.,Snakes hiss.,Wolves howl.,Magpies chatter.,Dogs bow-wow.,Euphemism,The use of pleasant,mild or indirect words,or phrases in place of more accurate or direct ones;to talk about unpleasant things in a pleasant way.,Examples,Under the weather,不舒服,身体不适,Social disease,性病,花柳病,Hard of hearing,听力不好,Join ones ancestors,Whats the matter with you?You look off colour.,你怎么了,?,你的脸色看上去很不好。,Not all there,稀里糊涂的,Senior citizen,go west,上西天,Return to dust,Globes,apples,curves,charms(breast),Relieve oneself,Oxymoron,The yoking together of two expressions which are,incompatible,so that in combination they have no conceivable literal reference to reality.,Features:contradictory in meaning,；,the complexity of things,Example:,A cheerful pessimist,Painful pleasure,A thunderous silence,Adj.+N.,creative destruction,living death,tearful joy,orderly chaos,etc.,Adj.+Adj.,cold pleasant manner,sour-sweet,days,poor rich guys,etc.,Adv.+Adj,.dully bright,mercifully fatal,falsely true,wisely stupid,etc.,V.+Adv.,hasten slowly(=make haste slowly),shine darkly,etc.,N.+N.,love-hate relationship,the sound of silence,etc.,It(New York)has the poorest millionaires,the littlest great men,the haughtiest beggars,the plainest beauties,the lowest skyscrapers,the dolefulest pleasures of any town I ever saw.,Parody拙劣模仿/滑稽模仿,Literary or musical composition imitating the characteristic style of some other work or of a writer or composer,but treating a serious subject on a nonsensical,(,荒谬的,),manner,as in ridicule.,Function:humorous,ironical,interesting,Example:,I have no outlook,but an,uplook,.My place in society was at the bottom.,我没有,人生观,，但我有“,上爬观,”，我的地位在社会的最底层。,*A husband in hand is worth two in the bush.,A bird in hand is worth two in the bush,.,*,To lie or not to liethe doctors dilemma.,To be or not to be,thats the problem,.,Parallelism,The arrangement of a number of related,ideas of the same importance in a number,of parallel or balanced structures forms,a integrated whole,in order to intensify,emotion and to emphasize the authors point.,Function:create rhythm,brief,compare and contrast,They could describe an entertainment with accuracy,relate an anecdote with humor,and laugh at their acquaintance with spirit.,Read not to contradict and confuse;nor to believe and take for granted;nor to find talk and discourse;but to weigh and consider.,If you prick us,do we not bleed?,If you tickle us,do we not laugh?,If you poison us,do we not die?,And if you wrong us,shall we not revenge?,(,The Merchant of Venice,),Antithesis(对偶),deliberate arrangement of contrasting words or ideas in balanced structural forms to achieve emphasis.,Feature:contrast in meaning,parallel in structure,Give me liberty,or give me death,不自由，毋宁死。,Knowledge make humble,ignorance make proud.,Where theres marriage without love,there will be love without marriage.,Benjamin Franklin,Pun,play on wordsn.An amusing use of a word or phrase that has two meanings,or words with the same sound but different meanings.,The humorous use of a word,or of words,which are formed or sounded alike but have,different meanings,in such a way as to play,on two or more of the possible applications;,a play on words.,Pun:different types,Type 1:,The same sound,but different spelling and meanings,You,earn,your living,and,urn,your dead,.,谋生即筑墓。,(,earn,your living,谋生，,urn,your dead,火化死者）,Type 2,:The same spelling,same sound but different meanings.,To England will I,steal,and there Ill,steal,.,(Shakespeare:Henry V),我,悄悄地溜,到英国就在那儿,偷,。,*We must,hang,together,or we shall all,hang,separately.,（,Benjamin Franklin),我们必须,紧密地团结在一起,，否则我们,将,被,一个个地,绞死,。,Make your every hello a real,good-buy,.,(a Telephone Advertisement),让你的每一声“哈罗”都真的,物有所值,。,这则广告，打电话第一句称呼通常是,“,hello”,而末尾通常是“,good-bye”,那么每,一次打电话从头到尾都清晰，这个电话就,确实买得好，,good-buy,与,good-bye,同音，,一语双关。,Zeugma,(,轭式修饰法,),A figure of speech in which a single word,usually a verb or adjective,is syntactically related to two or more words,with only one of which it seems logically connected.,*A word is used to modify or govern two or,more words although its use is grammatically or logically correct with only one.,指用一个词（通常是动词，形容词或介词）同时修饰或支配两个或两个以上的名词,但其中只有一个是合乎逻辑的搭配句式,.,*She opened,the door,and,her heart,to the,homeless boy.,她,打开门热忱欢迎,那个无家可归的孩子。,句中动词,open(,打开,),先用于本义，后用于,转义。,Three types of zeugma,Type 1:V+N1+N2(1,个动词,+2,个名词,),*She dropped a tear and her pocket handkerchief.,(Dickens),她掉了,一滴眼泪,，掉了,一条手帕,。,*She possessed two false teeth and a sympathetic,heart.,(O.Henry),她有,两颗假牙,，,一颗富于同情的心,。,以上两个句子里动词后接的是两个逻辑上明显,并不能并列的、属于完全不同语义范畴的词作,同等成分，一达到滑稽、可笑的效果。,Type 2:Adj.+N1+N2(1,个形容词,+2,个名词,),*The room was not light,but his fingers were.,*It is much better to have a patched jacket,than to have a(patched)character.,穿,有补丁的衣服,也比,品德上打补丁,好。,Patched,作形容词修饰,jacket,是规范搭配，,而修饰,character,则是非规范搭配。,Type 3:,Prep.+N1+N2(1,介词,+2,名词,),*She was dressed in a maids cap,a pinafore,and a bright smile.,她,戴一顶少女戴的帽子，系一条围裙，带,着灿烂的微笑。,词组,be dressed in,中介词,in,同,cap,与,pinafore,的搭配都属于规范搭配，而与,smile,的搭,配则属于非规范搭配。,Allusion,Definition:A figure of speech that makes a reference to,or representation of,a place,event,literary work,myth,or work of art,either directly or by implication.,The heel of Achilles,唯一致命的弱点,(,Achilles,阿基里斯,(,荷马史诗里的角色,),Open sesame,秘诀,开门咒,(magic words used,in one of,The Arabian Nights Stories,to cause a door to open),Cinderella,灰姑娘,被埋没的人（格林童话中主角）,Tower of Babel,古代巴比伦未建筑成的通天塔（据,圣经,创世记第,11,章记载，是当时人类联合起来兴建，希望能通往天堂的高塔。为了阻止人类的计划，上帝让人类说不同的语言，使人类相互之间不能沟通，计划因此失败，人类自此各散东西。此故事试图为世上出现不同语言和种族提供解释。）,Pound of flesh,残酷榨取,;,割肉还债,;,合法但极不合理的要求（,the story in,The Merchant of Venice,by Shakespeare,）,Catch-22:dilemma faced by someone who is bound to suffer,whichever course of action he takes,令人左右为难的规定,To meet ones Waterloo:be finally and crushing defeated in a contest(esp.after a period of success),Irony,反讽,A method of humorous or subtle sarcastic expression in which the intended meaning of the words used is the direct opposite of their usual sense.,Feature:You say one thing,but mean quite the opposite.,Examples,We send missionaries to China so the Chinese can get to heaven,but we dont let them into our country.,Her capacity for family affection is extraordinary;when her third husband died,her hair turned quite gold from grief.,What a noble illustration of the tender laws,of his favoured country!they let the,paupers go to sleep!,他们竟允许穷人睡觉！,这是多么高,尚的例证，说明他那行善的国家的法律是,多么仁慈！,Climax(递进法),A rhetorical series of ideas,images,etc.,arranged progressively so that the most,forceful is last.,通过一系列观念、形象的修辞安排，逐步,把意思往前推进，最有力量的放在最后,Im sorry,I am so very sorry,I am so extremely sorry.(Chesterton),He who loses wealth loses much;he who loses a friend loses more;but he who loses courage loses all.,I came,I saw,I conquered.,Some read to think,these are rare;some to write,these are common;and some read to talk,and these form the great majority.,Some books are,to be tasted,others,to be swallowed,and some few,to be chewed and digested,.,The audience,smiled,chuckled,and finally,howled,.,(,微笑，窃窃而笑最后捧腹大笑,),Anticlimax突降,A rhetorical series of ideas,images,etc.,arranged progressively so that the most,forceful is in front.,It is a truth universally acknowledged that a single man in possession of a fortune must be in want of a wife.,For God,for America,and for Yale.,The duties of a soldier are,to protect his,country,and,peel potatoes,.,Alliteration,Occurrence of the same letter or sound,at the beginning of two or more words,in succession.,Next to,h,ealth,h,eart,h,ome,h,appiness for mobile Americans depends upon the automobile.,M,oney,m,akes the,m,are go.,A,f,air,f,ace may hide a,f,oul heart.,P,ride and,p,rejudice,The,w,inds of,w,ar,Exercises,1)In the morning the dust hung like a fog,and the sun was as red as ripe new blood.,2)His hunger awoke and gnawed at him.,3)The hall applauded.,4)It would be a fine thing indeed not knowing what time it