英语四级选词填空技巧专业知识讲座.ppt

单击此处编辑母版标题样式,单击此处编辑母版文本样式,第二级,第三级,第四级,第五级,*,本文档所提供的信息仅供参考之用，不能作为科学依据，请勿模仿。文档如有不当之处，请联系本人或网站删除。,Background Information,选词填空题是大学英语四级考试的新题型，考测,综合能力,，占整个考试,分值不高,。,选词填空题的文章长度在220250词左右，要求从给出的15个词中,选择10个,填入合适的空中。,A,BCDE,FGHIJ,KLMNO,在设计时并非拿来一篇短文随便去掉几个词,首句不设空；一句话中不设两空；,设空比较均匀,，基本覆盖整个段落；设空不影响考生对文章大意的理解；,选项所提供的词皆为,实义词,，包括：,名词、动词、形容词、副词、分词,等，它们与文章的上下文紧密联系；,每个正确选项大都有,干扰项,，相互干扰的选项之间不是同义词或近义词，就是同词性的词。,设计者一般遵循以下原则,:,题型,字数,题材,选项特点,完型填空,不低于250个字,社会、科普之类。,四个选项词性相同，词义接近，考生不必思考词性的问题，只需分辨词义即可，相对简单一些。,选词填空,不会超过220个字,社会、科普之类。,选词填空的15个待选词不仅难于完型的四个选项，而且分成名词、动词、形容词、副词四大类。考生必须先确定词性，再结合短文的逻辑做出选择,。,完型填空和选词填空的比较,选词填空特点：,1.近义词辨析不多，,2.固定搭配不多,3.词性辨析比较容易,4.题目设计的原则是首句不设空，一句话中不,设两空，设空比较均匀，基本覆盖全文,.,选词填空难点：,1.词性可能会变。,2.错一题，可能会错两题。,特点和难点,第一句话完整，常为句子大意.,15选10，常考名词、动词、副词、形容词、连词.,关键是从语法角度确定选词处的词性，然后进行辨别。,篇章选词=语法,+词性,考点,2006.6 厄尔尼诺现象,2006.12 女性融入职场推动经济发展,2007.6 疼痛对人产生的影响,2007.12“和平学校”缔造和平教育,2008.6 接受挑战，相信自己可以创造奇迹,2008.12 读书的意义,2009.6 其实写作并不难,2009.12 父亲对孩子语言能力发展的影响比母亲要大,题材分析,选词填空要求,熟悉选项、通读全文、把握文章结构与大意,的前提下，根据所提供的词汇及句子的,结构、语法和语篇,等信息，通过,逻辑推理、对比,等手段最后确定答案。,选词填空时间安排:,四步,时间分配：7分钟=25 18（18 分钟留给Section B的两篇常规阅读，选词填空题要给出7分钟）,firstly：,Scan,全文：1 M 1分钟(也可scan 第一段明确全文的主旨),secondly：标注,词性,1m (not necessarily),thirdly：选词,填空,：4m,fourthly：回顾,检查,1m,选词填空时间安排:,第一步,第一步：,Scan,全文：,快速扫描文章，预测缺省信息的词性，对个别题目作出预测,(1分钟),主要,关注,文章中涉及的人物、事件、地方、原因以及结果。(,Theme,key words,and key points,),Scan 全文的时候，有些很明显的答案可以先选择。,选词填空时间安排:,第二步,整理选项：,标注词性，预先分组,(1分钟),对于熟悉的单词的词性心中要有数，或简单标明。,对于,动词与名词同形,的词，做个,特殊记号,。如,&,不熟悉的单词或者不认识的单词做个,特殊标记,如,!,两种选择：一，标熟悉的单词，二，,标出不熟悉的单词,。,如何辨别所给词的词性？,如何确定空格内所需词的词性？,选词填空时间安排:,第三步,选词填空：(4分钟),首先，根据空格的前后决定所填词的,词性,。,其次，利用,逻辑关系词,确定答案。或利用,context,内容确定答案。,目前四级考试,只考实词,（notional words）中的四种：,名词n、动词v、形容词adj、副词adv；,（不考代词和数词；也不考虚词（冠词art,介词prep,连词conj,感叹词interj）,特点：四种实词中，考的最少的是副词adv,不超过两个空。剩下的三种平均每次有三道题。根据真题，动词一直是考三个。另外三种词性，有两个的，也有四个的。,3.动词归类要细分为v，v-ed,v-ing。因为一,个空可以填动词，但填原形还是过去式还是-ing 形式要自己根据语法判断。,标注词性时注意的问题,1.不认识的单词看词缀,2.认识的单词要注意词性的单一性和多样性,比如：有的词display,concern,challenge做名词和做动词都很常见.这时两个都要标出来先标你脑子里第一个出现的词性。,此外,以-ing,-ed 结尾的词也可能是分词转变而来的形容词，如holding 做动词：,Shes holding her mothers hand.,做形容词：holding company(控股公司)；再如acquired做动词：academic skills he acquired.做形容词：a newly acquired jacket(新买的夹克)。,如何辨别词性？,动词分为谓语动词和非谓语动词。,非谓语动词,包括：,动词不定式、动名词、现在分词和过去分词,。过去分词有两种可能性(规则动词与不规则动词),无法确定时标问号？,不认识的词看,词缀affixes,。构词法中,前缀,(prefix,)大多区分词义,后缀,(suffix,)区分词性。所以看词尾往往能大致分出词性。例外：如en-able=enable,词义前缀,Negative prefixes:,A-,asexual,asymmetry,anarchy,Dis-,dishonest,disorder,In-(im,il),:,Un-,unfriendly,unexpected,De-,decentralize,deforest,Pejorative prefixes:,Mal(badly),malnutrition,Mis(wrongly),mislead,misunderstand,Pseudo(false,imitating),pseudonym,Prefixes of degree or size:,Co(joint):,coexistence,colleague,Hyper(extreme):,hypersensitive,Mini,:minibike,Out(surpassing):,outnumber,Over-,sub-,super-,Bi-,tri-,Prefixes of orientation or attitude,Anti-,Contra-(opposite):,contradiction,Pro-,Prefixes of time and order,Ex-,re-,Fore-,foresee,foreshadow,词性后缀 root+=?,以-ion,-age,-ness,-ity,-ship,-ace,-ance,-ancy,-ence,-ency,-dom,-itude,-um或-mony 结尾的,大都是名词,；,以-ize,-ise,-fy结尾的,大都是动词,；,以-ive,-ent,-ant,-ful,-ous,-able,-ary,-ic,-cal或-less结尾的是,大都是形容词；,以-ly,-ways或-wise 结尾的大都是,副词,-ed 形式的词,（过去分词）在句中既可以做,谓语动词（过去时）,或,谓语动词的一部分（完成时），,又可以做,形容词,。要仔细区分。,-ing,(现在分词)在句中既可以做,进行时中的谓语动词的一部分,，又可做,形容词,，还可以做,名词,，要仔细辨别context 的需求。,如何确定空格内单词的词性？,1.确定空格为名词,(1)空格前面为,冠词、形容词,或者及物动词的，空格处应填入名词;,a/an/the+_;vt+_.,(2)空格后面是动词的，空格处应填入该动词的,主语,(名词);,_+谓语动词,(3)空格前面是介词的，空格充当,介词宾语,，应填入名词或动名词。,2.,确定空格为动词,(1),空格前面已经有名词/代词作主语，后面又有名词/代词作为动词的主语，空格处应为及物动词;,主语n/pron+谓语vt+宾语 n/pron,(2),空格前面是名词/代词，后面没 有宾语，空格处应填不及物动词;,n/pron+谓语动词vi,(3),空格前面是名词/代词，后面是副词/介词，空格处应填入不及物动词，与副词/介词构成固定搭配;,n/pron+谓语动词+adv/prep,(4),空格前面是名词/代词，后面是形容词，空格处应填入系动词或be动词;,n/pron+link v+adj,(5),空格前面有不定式标志to，空格处应填入动词原形;若to是介词，应填入动名词。,(1）-（4）,为句中所需的,谓语动词,，有时态、语态和人称的变化,，（5）,为,非谓语动词,3.确定空格为形容词:修饰名词或表示状态,(1)空格后面为名词，空格处应填入形容词;,_+N,.(充,当宾语或主语,)(2)空格前面是副词，空格处应填入形容词;,adv+_,（充当,表语或定语,）,(3)空格前面是,系动词,，空格处应填入形容词作表语.Be,become,fall ill,keep silent,look/seem tired,grow old,4.确定空格为副词:修饰动作或状态的词,(1)空格前面为,动词,，空格处应填入副词;(2)空格后面是,形容词,，空格处应填入副词。,Context 中的逻辑关系？,常见的逻辑关系词如下,：(1),并列关系,：and,or,as well as 等(2)对比或转折关系：but,however,on the contrary,rather than,though 等(3)比较关系：as.as,like,similarly等(4)因果关系：because,for,since,as a result of,therefore,thus 等(5)举例关系：for example,for instance,such as,and so on 等(6)递进关系：whats more,moreover,in addition 等,确定词性(名词)实例,前为冠词,：Passage 1,blank 1.(P1B1)This is,however,a _.,P4B3:we keep putting off a _ that we are force to take up.,P3 B4:as they grow older,the _gradually diminishes.,前为形容词：,P1B8:It may have been a sharp_ of the pupils technical abilities in writing.,misunderstanding,task,amount,criticism,充当主语,（前面同时又是冠词）,P3 B10:The _ for human beings is probably about a week.,介词宾语：,P4B10:In such a _,I work as hard as I can.,（前面同时又是冠词）,P2 B 10:you go by the other persons _.,P3 B 2:annoyance and problems are seen in a better _.,（前面同时又是冠词）,*复数代表一类人,P3B3 谓语动词为sleep,主语需要第三人称复数形式或与之相应的名字形式。选项：,Limit,situation,demand,perspective,infants,确定谓语动词实例,P3B6:Napolean,Toamas Edison and Charles Darwin apparently _ only four to six hours a night.（分析：时态过去时。唯一选择：,averaged.,这一句缺少谓语）,P2 B5 They _”assertiveness training”courses.(有名词/代词作主语，后面又有名词，此处缺少一个谓语动词，第三称的复数形式。跟course搭配。),offer,在Passages中找更多的例子,P1B5,encourage,P1B9 had,failed,(谓语动词的一部分，完成时),P3B1 disapears,P4B5 We 和it之间缺少一个动词，,postpone,.,P5B5,share,P5 B6,interviewed,P5B10 might be,involved,.,（被动语态）,(谓语动词在我们的5个passages的选项中，几乎占1/5),确定非谓语动词实例,P2B9:you start to _ your own good sense.,P2 B7:In one way,learning to,speak out,is to _ fear.,doubt,overcome,More examples of infinitives,你能在5 passages 中找出更多的需要非谓语动词（不定式）中需要动词的句子吗？,P1 B6,express,P2B4,help,people _ themselves.,P4B2,compound,P4B8,prevent,不定代词在所给的5篇50个选项中比例超过1/10.,确定选项为形容词实例(系动词),P1B7 This work,is,_.(,terrible,),P2B6 They learn to,be,more _ without hurting other people.(,active,),P4B4 Either because it,is,too _ or it is too difficult.(,tedious,),P4B9 Here we,are,not _ to get started but (,reluctant,),确定选项为副词,1,修饰动作的词,P2B1 Have you ever been afread to talk back when you were treated _.,选项E F 均为副词，要找一个修饰treated.,unfairly,确定选项为副词2,修饰形容词,P1B3 There are,however,_ different ideas about how to teach it,or how much,分析：此句不缺少任何主要的句子成分（主谓宾），只缺少一个修饰different adj的词,表示different的程度之广。,“,Vastly,“为正确选择。另一个副词干扰选项为”,specifically,”.,More example:P4 B 6,A)scale,B)retailed,C)generate,D)extreme,E)technically,F)affordable,G)situation,H)really,I)potential,J)gap,K)voluntary,L)excessive,M)insulted,N)purchase,O)primarily,The flood of women into the job market boosted economic growth and changed U.S.society in many ways.Many in-home jobs that used to be done_47_ by women-ranging from family shopping to preparing meals to do ing _48_ work-still need to be done by someone.Husbands and children now do some of these jobs,a _49_ that has changed the target market for many products.Or a working woman may face a crushing“poverty of time“and look for help elsewhere,creating opportunities for producers of frozen meals,child care centers,dry cleaners,financial services,and the like.,Although there is still a big wage _50_ between men and women,the income working women _51_ gives them new independence and buying power.For example,women now _52_ about half of all cars.Not long ago,many cars dealers _53_ women shoppers by ignoring them or suggesting that they come back with their husbands.Now car companies have realized that women are _54_ customers.Its interesting that some leading Japanese car dealers were the first to _55_ pay attention to women customers.In Japan,fewer women have jobs or buy cars-the Japanese society is still very much maleoriented.Perhaps it was the _56_ contrast with Japanese society that prompted American firms to pay more attention to women buyers.,解题须知,所谓,语感,，就是对语言的感觉，它是在平时学习和阅读中形成的一种潜在的语言能力。有时候是你无法解释理由，但你的选项是正确的。,固定搭配：在选词填空中，约定俗成的固定搭配不是很多，诸如，我们所说的idoms等。但是，对固定搭配的另外一种理解是这种搭配很常见，比如：汉语说“学知识”，而英语不说“learn knowledge”,而是“acquire knowledge”;还有，要描述 rain 很大，我们用heavy修饰；当我们说heavy traffic是表示交通拥堵。此外，非常重要的一点是注意小品词，即我们通常所说的to,in,on,at,from等等,因为在某种程度上，它们能给我们关于选择项的提示。如：my,for her moved her.(attitude;love),the income,gives them new independence and buying power.For example,women now _ about half of all cars.,正向并列：buying 同义词暗示 purchase.,对复杂句的结构分析能帮助我们对句子的成分更加清晰，能清楚地确定空格处所需填入词汇的词性，甚至可能的意思。,上下文逻辑关系也对选项产生影响。大家需要关注形式上的逻辑关系和意义上逻辑关系。所谓形式上的逻辑关系就是我们通常讲的因果，让步，递进等；而意义上的逻辑关系就是以语篇表达的意思为线索，前后文中，意义上存在那些关系。比如说，描述一个人的心情的变化，心情好时，应该使用的是积极词汇，而心情不好时则使用消极词汇。当然，形式和意思之间存在紧密联系，不能割裂开来。,逻辑联系：并列关系,P3B1 During sleep,the fatigue of the body _,and,recuperation,begins.,选项：由,and,连接的并列句。需要动词，与主语,fatigue,一致，所以选单三形式的现在时：全篇只有一个这样的词，无干扰项。,答案：,disappears,.,对比或转折关系,P1 B1 There is,a popular belief,among parents that schools are no longer interested in spelling.This is,howeve,r,a _.,作者的写作方法是先立（popular belief）后破(however)。作者用了however表示转折,证明,popular belief is wrong belief.,表示wrong belief 的词 一要名词，而要词义相符。,所以选择答案为：,misunderstanding,.,P4 B 7 The remedy is obvious,though,perhaps not _ to apply.,选项应为：1 形容词，2，词义与obvious形成转折，明显的，但是不见得是轻易接受的。,答案：Easy.,并列+因果,P5 B 8,Others hoped that by helping someone now,they would,deserve care,when they bacame old,and,_.,Analyze:1 需要一个与,old,并列的形容词。,2 需要帮助，不仅仅因为是,old,还因为他/她生活无法自理。,从词性和词义上，选 F,dependent,.,如何利用context 内容来确定选项,Context中的,名词、代词,等词，有,前指或后指的,功能，也有,彼此解释,的功能。,E.g 1:,P2 B 8 But AT uses an even stronger _-the need to share.,Analyze:“the need to share”是对an even stronger 的内容的解释，证明这个even stronger 的内容也是一种need,想要分享的感觉是一种,motive,.愿望，动机。,E.g 2,:P3 B 10 这个选项需要从整段的context中去推测。,Investigators have tried to find out,how long a person can go without sleep,.Several people have reached more than 115 hours,nearly five days,whereas,animals,kept awake from five to eight days,have died of exhaustion,.The _ for human beings is probably about a week.,分析：研究者试图发现人可以不眠的,how long,.发现动物5-8天就到达了,死亡：不眠的极限,。所以这里所缺的选项是表示人如果一周不眠则到达极限：,limit,.,Similarly,分析词性、句中的逻辑关系以及context不仅在,选词填空,中非常重要，此类解析方法也可延伸至,close test,.在,阅读理解,和,听力理解,中也可以帮助我们,predict,what we are going to hear.,因此：banked cloze 是一道学生英语综合能力的考查题。,limiteddetermining,1)Indeed,pain is now considered the fifth vital sign,as important as blood pressure,temperature,breathing rate and pulse in _49_ a persons well-being.,2)Decades ago,there were only a _55_ number of drugs available,(specialize)(complain)(bring),1.,In particular,when older patients _ of pain，they were told it was a natural part of aging and they would have to learn to live with it.2.The rainfall is increased across South America，_ floods to Peru.3.Thats why a growing number of hospitals now depend upon physicians who _ in pain medicine、,