introductiontolaw.ppt

单击此处编辑母版标题样式,单击此处编辑母版文本样式,第二级,第三级,第四级,第五级,20Z3169 LEGAL ENGLISH XIA CHUNLI,*,Introduction to Law,2010.9.14.,1,20Z3169 LEGAL ENGLISH XIA CHUNLI,Timetable of the course,See,buaalegalenglish,Code:123456law,32h+32h,2,20Z3169 LEGAL ENGLISH XIA CHUNLI,Please introduce yourself:,Name,Where are you from?Description of the place you were born,What is your plan for the next 3 or 10 years?/What is your ideal job after graduation?,An area of law that you are interested in:eg.contract,tort,etc.,3,20Z3169 LEGAL ENGLISH XIA CHUNLI,Objectives of the Course,Legal terminology,Translation of English/Chinese legal materials,Knowledge of English law,Think,speak and write as a lawyer in English,Application in Chinese law,Listening,speaking and writing skills in general,4,20Z3169 LEGAL ENGLISH XIA CHUNLI,Books and Materials,Gary Slapper and David Kelly,English Law(2,nd,ed.),(Routledge.Cavendish:Taylor&Francis Group,2006).,Any English-Chinese/Chinese-English Dictionary,Any English-Chinese/Chinese-English Law Dictionary,宋雷主编：法律英语教程，法律出版社2007年版。,5,20Z3169 LEGAL ENGLISH XIA CHUNLI,How to conduct the course?,Lecture/Tutorial,English as the language of instruction,Read materials before the class,prepare answers to questions,take notes,Participate actively in class,Summarize after class:Glossary of the terminology,charts or diagrams,6,20Z3169 LEGAL ENGLISH XIA CHUNLI,What is common law as a legal system?,A legal system and approach to law,Adopted the historic English legal system,Followed by UK,US,and(former)commonwealth countries/regions(Canada,Australia,HK,Singapore,India,etc),Case centered and judge centered/discretionary power/,stare decisis,9,20Z3169 LEGAL ENGLISH XIA CHUNLI,What is the difference between common law and civil law?,Case/code,Discretionary power of the judge,The legal effect of decisions stare decisis,10,20Z3169 LEGAL ENGLISH XIA CHUNLI,What is,stare decisis,?,11,20Z3169 LEGAL ENGLISH XIA CHUNLI,How precedent operates?,Ratio/obiter,ratio：legal principle，based on:（a）existing case law prior to the case in hand;(ii)material facts of the case;(c)the decision in the case,12,20Z3169 LEGAL ENGLISH XIA CHUNLI,How precedent operates?,Ratio/obite,r,Donoghue v Stevenson,13,20Z3169 LEGAL ENGLISH XIA CHUNLI,Possible ratio in,Donoghue v Stevenson,:,Manufacturer has duty to take reasonable care that a consumer is not injured by snails in ginger beer bottles,Manufacturer has duty to take reasonable care that a consumer is not injured by,foreign bodies,in containers,Manufacturer has duty to take reasonable care that a consumer is not injured by,defective products,A person owes a duty to take reasonable care not to do anything which he could reasonably foresee as causing injury to someone else,14,20Z3169 LEGAL ENGLISH XIA CHUNLI,Donoghue v Stevenson,Judgment,Lord Atkin指出：,你一定要尽注意义务避免一些合理地预见到会伤害你的邻居的行为或过错。邻居指被告应该合理地预见到会受上述行为或过错直接和接近地影响到的人。这是所谓“邻居原则”(neighborhood principle)。,测试是否有注意义务，应考虑损害是否可以预见，又双方是否很接近。,原告只要是被告所预见到的一类人即可,无需是特定的个人。,15,20Z3169 LEGAL ENGLISH XIA CHUNLI,obiter？,something said by the way,16,20Z3169 LEGAL ENGLISH XIA CHUNLI,How does a precedent develop？,Grant v Australian Knitting Mills,1936 AC 85 Privy Council：,Manufacturer has duty to take reasonable care that a consumer is not injured by snails in ginger beer bottles,Manufacturer has duty to take reasonable care that a consumer is not injured by foreign bodies in containers,Manufacturer has duty to take reasonable care that a consumer is not injured by defective products,A person owes a duty to take reasonable care not to do anything which he could reasonably foresee as causing injury to someone else,17,20Z3169 LEGAL ENGLISH XIA CHUNLI,What is equity?,A particular division within the English legal system,Relate to the historical evolvement of common law,Equity to supplement a unitary legal system,to provide access to the court other than the 3 common law courts and award a fair remedy,The Kings conscience,Also follow precedents,Merging of common law and equity by the Judicature Acts 1873-1875,Discretionary remedies,18,20Z3169 LEGAL ENGLISH XIA CHUNLI,What is common law and statute law?,Common law substantive law and procedural rules that have been created by the judiciary through the decisions in the cases they have heard,Statute law law created by the Parliament in the form of legislation,19,20Z3169 LEGAL ENGLISH XIA CHUNLI,What is the role of the State in private sphere/law?,Matters in private sphere are seen as purely a matter for individuals to regulate without State interference,States role limited to the provision of the forum for dispute resolution and mechanisms for the enforcement of such decision,Purely private legal area is now subjected to regulations of public law eg.consumer protection,20,20Z3169 LEGAL ENGLISH XIA CHUNLI,What is standard of proof/burden of proof?,Standard of proof:=level of proof,the level that the prosecutor or claimant must prove in order to succeed the case(证明标准),Criminal case:beyond reasonable doubt,Civil case:on the balance of probabilities,21,20Z3169 LEGAL ENGLISH XIA CHUNLI,What is burden of proof?,burden of proof:=the person making an allegation need to give evidence（举证责任）,Criminal case:the prosecutor(legal/evidential burden),Civil case:the claimant,22,20Z3169 LEGAL ENGLISH XIA CHUNLI,What is separation of powers?,A constitutional principle proposed by Montesquieu,The existence of three distinct functions of the government,Legislature,the executive,judiciary,The three branches/functions should be kept apart in order to prevent the centralization of too much power,23,20Z3169 LEGAL ENGLISH XIA CHUNLI,Does China have separation of powers?,Three branches of the government,A powerful executive,No recognition by the government of the doctrine of separation of powers,24,20Z3169 LEGAL ENGLISH XIA CHUNLI,What does parliamentary sovereignty mean?,Parliament is the ultimate source of law.,Parliament can make any law as it determines.,There are some limits on the Parliamentary sovereignty nowadays HRA1998,conscience,EU law,25,20Z3169 LEGAL ENGLISH XIA CHUNLI,Does US have parliamentary sovereignty?,No.,Constitutional review:in US,with its written constitution,the judiciary in the form of the Supreme Court has the power to declare the Acts of the legislature unconstitutional and consequently invalid.,26,20Z3169 LEGAL ENGLISH XIA CHUNLI,Does China have parliamentary sovereignty?,No parliament,No constitutional review,Legislatures sovereignty?NPC rubber stamp?,27,20Z3169 LEGAL ENGLISH XIA CHUNLI,What is judicial independence?,Absence of interference by the executive in the trial of individual cases,The right of the legal system to operate independently,as an autonomous system apart from the control of the State,The judiciary controls its operations,being free from the dictates of central control,The courts review the actions and operations of the executive according to law in order to prevent the executive from abusing its power.,28,20Z3169 LEGAL ENGLISH XIA CHUNLI,Does China have judicial independence?,29,20Z3169 LEGAL ENGLISH XIA CHUNLI,What is rule of law?,Randall Peerenboom(,Varieties of Rule of Law:An Introduction and Provisional Conclusion,in Randall Peerenboom(ed.),Asian Discourses of Rule of Law:Theories and Implementation of Rule of Law in Twelve Asian Countries,France and the U.S.,(London:RoutledgeCurzon,2004),Rule by law-states rely on law to govern but do not accept the basic requirement that law binds the state and state actors,rule of law-a system in which law is able to impose meaningful restrains on the state and individual members of the ruling elites,the supremacy of the law and equality of all before the law.,thick/thin rule of law-instrumental/formal or substantial/genuine rule of law,30,20Z3169 LEGAL ENGLISH XIA CHUNLI,What is“rule of law”in China?,Rule by law,Rule of law,法制？有法可依 有法必依 执法必严 违法必究,法治？,31,20Z3169 LEGAL ENGLISH XIA CHUNLI,Are human rights absolute?Or subject to limitation?,Some of the rights are absolute and inalienable and cannot be interfered by the State.Eg.the right to life,Others are contingent and subject to derogation/limitations/restrctions.Eg.the right of assembly,What are the limitations in ECHR?,-Arts.11(2)of HRA 1998:,#Necessary in a democratic society,#in the interest of national security or public safety,for the prevention of crime,for the protection of health or morals,or the protection of the rights and freedoms of others,#Proportionality,32,20Z3169 LEGAL ENGLISH XIA CHUNLI,Terminology from Chapter 1,Social order 社会秩序,Disorder(create/maintain)无序,Conflict 冲突,Institution 机构,Procedure 程序,Legal system 法律制度,Common law 普通法,Civil law 民法,33,20Z3169 LEGAL ENGLISH XIA CHUNLI,Terminology from Chapter 1,Jurisdiction 管辖权,Roman law 罗马法,Discretion/discretionary power 自由裁量权,Judicial discretion 司法自由裁量权,Codify/code/codification 成文化、成文法,ECJ 欧洲联盟法院,Case law 判例法,Doctrine of stare decisis 遵循先例原则,34,20Z3169 LEGAL ENGLISH XIA CHUNLI,Terminology from Chapter 1,Discrimination on grounds of (sexual orientation,color,political opinion,etc.)基于（性取向、肤色、政治观点等）的歧视,Equity 衡平法,Unitary system 单一制度,Sovereign power/sovereignty 主权,Custom 习惯,Precedent 先例,Institutional autonomy 机构自治,35,20Z3169 LEGAL ENGLISH XIA CHUNLI,Terminology from Chapter 1,Form of action 诉状,Conscience 良心,Equitable/fair decision 公平的判决,Remedy/common law remedy/equitable remedy 救济、普通法救济、衡平法救济,Statute law 成文法,Substantive law/procedural rule 实体法、程序法,Judiciary 司法机关,Legislation/legislature 立法、立法机关,Parliament 议会,36,20Z3169 LEGAL ENGLISH XIA CHUNLI,Terminology from Chapter 1,Private law/public law 私法、公法,Actions of the State 国家行为/政府行为,Judicial review 司法审查,Interference of the State 国家干预,Mechanism 机制,Enforcement 执行,Prosecute 刑事检控,Consumer protection 消费者保护,Contract law 合同法,Criminal law 刑法,37,20Z3169 LEGAL ENGLISH XIA CHUNLI,Terminology from Chapter 1,Civil law criminal law 民法、刑法,Adjudicate/adjudication 裁判,Punishment 惩罚,Tort 侵权法,Property law 财产法,Compliance 遵守,Prosecutor/the accused/claimant-defendant 检察官、被告人、原告-被告,Bring a claim against 起诉.,38,20Z3169 LEGAL ENGLISH XIA CHUNLI,Terminology from Chapter 1,Injury 伤害,Reckless 疏忽,Liable 有责,Tort of negligence 过失侵权,Level/standard of proof 证明标准,Beyond reasonable doubt/balance of probabilities 超越合理怀疑、衡量可能性,(sufficient/insufficient)evidence 充分的/不充分的证据,Criminal conviction 刑事定罪,Assault 人身攻击,Terrorism/terrorist 恐怖主义、恐怖分子,The suspect 犯罪嫌疑人,Pre-emptive 先发制人的,39,20Z3169 LEGAL ENGLISH XIA CHUNLI,Terminology from Chapter 1,Burden of proof 举证责任,Reverse burden of proof 举证责任倒置,Culpability 有罪,Hybrid offence 混合性犯罪,Harassment 骚扰,Racist/racism/racial discrimination 种族主义分子、种族主义、种族歧视,Asylum seeker 寻求庇护者,Intimidation 胁迫,Private prosecution 自诉,Fail for want of sufficient evidence to convict 缺乏定罪的充分证据,Charge 指控,40,20Z3169 LEGAL ENGLISH XIA CHUNLI,Terminology from Chapter 1,The rule against double jeopardy 一事不二审,Settlement 和解、解决,Perpetrator 作恶者,Murder/murderer 谋杀、谋杀犯,Separation of powers 权力分立,Legislature,executive,judiciary 立法机关、行政机关、司法机关,Constitution 宪法,Parliamentary sovereignty 议会主权,Judicial independence 司法独立,John Locke,Montesquieu(Spirit of Law)洛克、卢梭（论法的精神）,41,20Z3169 LEGAL ENGLISH XIA CHUNLI,Terminology from Chapter 1,Justification 管辖权,Social contract 社会契约,Enactment 立法,Judicial independence 司法独立,Rule of law 法治,Human rights 人权,Democracy 民主,Derogation 克减,Proportionality 比例原则,42,20Z3169 LEGAL ENGLISH XIA CHUNLI,Terminology from Chapter 1,Right to life 生命权,Prohibition of torture 禁止酷刑,Slavery and forced labor 奴役和强迫劳动,Right to liberty and security 自由和安全的权利,Right to a fair trial 公平审判权,Prohibition of retrospective criminal offences(刑法不溯及既往),Exception：post hoc criminalisation of previous behavior according to the general principles of law recognized by civilised nations,43,20Z3169 LEGAL ENGLISH XIA CHUNLI,Terminology from Chapter 1,Respect for private and family life 私生活和家庭生活受到尊重,Freedom of thought,conscience and religion 思想、良心和信仰自由,Freedom of expression 表达自由,Freedom of assembly and association 集会和结社自由,Right to marry 婚姻自由,Prohibition of discrimination 禁止歧视,Peaceful enjoyment of possessions and protection of property 对财产的和平占有和享用,44,20Z3169 LEGAL ENGLISH XIA CHUNLI,Terminology from Chapter 1,Right to education 受教育权,Right to free elections 选举自由权,Death penalty 死刑,Non-governmental organizations(NGOs)非政府组织,Legal persons 法人,Absolute and inalienable right 绝对权利,Contingent right derogation 有条件的权利、克减,Signatory state 签字国,45,20Z3169 LEGAL ENGLISH XIA CHUNLI,How to improve your English?Read more,English textbooks,46,20Z3169 LEGAL ENGLISH XIA CHUNLI,How to improve your English?Read more,English Newspapers and Journals,The Economist(Times(,Daily(LEGAL ENGLISH XIA CHUNLI,How to improve your English?Read more,48,20Z3169 LEGAL ENGLISH XIA CHUNLI,How to improve your English?Read more,49,20Z3169 LEGAL ENGLISH XIA CHUNLI,How to improve your English?Listening,www.number10.gov.uk,50,20Z3169 LEGAL ENGLISH XIA CHUNLI,How to improve your English?Listening,Legally Blonde 律政俏佳人,12 Angry Men 十二怒汉（影片描述了陪审团审理案件的程序过程）,JFK 刺杀肯尼迪（影片描述了美国检察官的刑事追诉体制）,To Kill A Mockingbird 杀死一只知更鸟（影片描述了律师作为辩护人维护争议的作用）,Primal Fear 一级恐惧（影片描述了律师的刑事辩护作用）,Rainmaker 造雨人（影片描述了抗辩体制下律师的民事代理作用）,Forever 永恒的追求（影片描述了律师的民事代理作用）,Runaway Jury 落跑陪审团（影片描述了陪审团职务保障权）,Devils Advocate 魔鬼代言人（影片描述了律师的职业道德标准）,The Philadelphia Story 费城故事（当事人自己运用法律维权）,Judgment at Nuremberg（1961）（纽伦堡审判）,51,20Z3169 LEGAL ENGLISH XIA CHUNLI,Comments,Q&A?Suggestions of the teaching method?,52,20Z3169 LEGAL ENGLISH XIA CHUNLI,Thank you！,53,20Z3169 LEGAL ENGLISH XIA CHUNLI,