Note-taking-in-Interpreting.ppt

*,单击此处编辑母版标题样式,单击此处编辑母版文本样式,第二级,第三级,第四级,第五级,Note-taking in Interpreting,Ask yourself:,1.Did I use complete sentences?They are generally a waste of time.,2.Did I use any form at all?Are my notes clear or confusing?,3.Did I capture main points and all subpoints?,4.Did I streamline using abbreviations and shortcuts?,If you answered no to any of these questions,you may need to develop some new note-taking skills!,The importance of taking notes in interpreting,Our short-term memory alone can not retain the amount of information the speaker gives in the act of interpreting.We need to employ other means to help with,our retaining and retrieval of information,.Notes are an aid to enhance the work of understanding,analysis and re-expression,the three activities of consecutive interpreting.,The main use of notes is to,relieve memory,.Although an interpreter may have understood the main ideas of a speech,it is almost impossible for him/her to recall all the elements of a five-minute speech,particularly if it contains numbers,names,lists,since such elements cannot be recalled on the basis of analysis and logic.,口译笔记要点,1.少写多划。划线条比写文字快。线条形象，相当于翻译的半成品，有助译员眼看笔记，口出译文。两种情况下应该尽量用线条：表示,动作和动态,的词句。比如，以上升的斜线代表发展，增加，进步,进一步；以下降的斜线代表减少，下降，恶化等等。表示,因果或前后关系,的词句。比如，用一条线代表因为/所以，之后，在之前，以体现出上下前后之间的关联关系。,2.少字多意,养成一个词的笔记不超过一个字的习惯。中文里有大量的词汇是由两个，或两个以上的字组成。只要看到其中一个，你的短期记忆就应该能够补齐其余的字。不必多写。,比如，中国最多写个中。北京最多写个北。英文词也同理处理。politics 最多写poli，government最多写gov，等等。另外，需要培养以笔记与记忆互动；看到一个字能说出几个字，甚至一串词的能力。在有上下文的情况下，这不难。比如，谈中国的近况，听到改革，开放记一个改字，不难从短期记忆中说出原文。听到British Prime Minister Tony Blair，记PM，也同样能说出原文。,5.快速书写。必须发展自己的汉字快速书写系统。口译笔记完全是自己看，而且只需要几分钟之内能看懂就行。很多汉字笔划减少后，并不影响确认。我这里讲的不是潦草，而是除了实际口译经常不得不潦草之外，花一些时间，把练习中或口译工作中常用的字琢磨一下，看看可以怎样减少笔划，或理顺笔划，一笔成字。,6.明确结束。口译中，讲话人说一段，停下来让译员译一段，然后再继续。这样，上一段话和下一段话之间，必须有明确的界限。上一次的结束点，就成了下一次翻译的开始点。其重要性在于，如果笔记是从本子的1/3处开始的，下一段话可能写了2-3页，翻回来口译时，眼光无法确定这页上面哪一条线，或符号是这次翻译内容的开始点。所以需要标明.,边听，边记。说来容易，很多学生往往是一听就忘了记，一记就听不懂。其实这是个根本问题，是一个英语听力与口译的本质区别。,平时我们所说的英语听力只需要你自己听懂理解就够了，而这里你的角色是口译，信息要真实完整地再现出来，而不是光在你自己头脑中有所印象。,这里给大家的建议是以后自己做听力练习，,特别是精听练习的时候，不能太舒服，要给自己压力，逼着自己听的时候要记而且听完后要复述。在时间上要坚持每次连续记笔记5分钟以上，,否则在考试中会出现听着听着力不从心的情况。,英语口译过程可以分为听辩理解、记录原文和传递译文三项智力活动，其中前两项几乎是同时进行的，因此要求译员掌握一定的,注意力分配能力（Split of Attention）,。在学习中，学员要注意突破注意力分配的瓶颈，适应边听边记的注意力分配模式。,为了突破交替传译时注意力分配的瓶颈，除了能够熟练运用笔记技巧之外，还需要简化笔记记录时听辩理解的难度。观察发现，交替传译与同声传译两者在听辩理解时的心理机制相似，都是在做听力时，还要分配部分注意力去作笔记或者进行口译。因此，英汉交替传译听力方法可以借用英汉同声传译,顺句驱动法,。,同声传译顺句驱动法指以意群为单位、断句后传递译文的方法，即听到一句英文中的部分内容可以提炼为具有独立意思和完整结构的汉语时，不等整句话结束就可以先开口翻译这个短句。,该方法应用到交替传译时，,当听到具有独立意思的意群时就可以记录，而不必等到听懂整句英文的意思才记录，这是以意群为单位进行听力的方法。,练习过程中，可以顺句驱动法听辩理解原文，同时,用T型笔记法记录,，然后口译或复述原文。最后，根据口译或者复述的质量，决定是否再按以上三个步骤重练一次。对于个别无法听懂的句子或单词，可以将该句中的每个单词都写下来，直到听懂。教研实践表明，用边听边记的方法会给听力训练增加负荷，也给听力练习的效果提供了检验标准，长期坚持该方法犹如绑着沙袋练习跑步，一旦卸下沙袋，必将一日千里。,Guidelines for Note-Taking:,1.Concentrate on the lecture or on the reading material.,2.Take notes consistently.,3.Take notes selectively.Do NOT try to write down every word.Remember that the average lecturer speaks approximately 125-140 words per minute,and the average note-taker writes at a rate of about 25 words per minute.,4.Translate ideas into your own words.,5.Organize notes into some sort of logical form.,6.Be brief.Write down only the major points and important information.,7.Write legibly.Notes are useless if you cannot read them later!,8.Dont be concerned with spelling and grammar.,Note-taking:What to note,Note down,the main ideas,.,Systematically note down,the links,between different ideas.,Note down,the point of view,being expressed.,Pay attention to,verb tenses,conditional forms,and modal verbs,.,Note down accurately,the numbers,dates and proper names,.,Eliminate,small connecting words,such as:is,are,was,were,a,an,the,would,this,of.,Eliminate pronouns,such as:they,these,his,that,them.,However,be careful,NOT,to eliminate these three words:and,in,on.,How to take notes,Language used in your notes:SL and TL,Use whatever language that comes to your mind,Use as many symbols as you feel comfortable with,+,=,+还有,和,此外,而且,以及-减少,不会,没有=等于,相当于 大过，超过，优越于 少于，小于，比不上 减少，下降 增加，上升，上报 逐步增加 逐步下降，减少 向前发展,所以，于是 因为，由于 正确，同意，好 调换，对调，交流 错误，不行，没有 停止，国家 国内 国外!注意，警惕？疑问，问题，试验性-下划线表示强调。,Use abbreviations,“Prof”for“professor”,“dept”for“department”,“std”for“standard”.“ref”for“reference”,“eg”for“for example”,“ie”for“that is”,“esp”for“especially”,“min”for“minimum”,“max”for“maximum”,and“usu”for“usually”cf for comparestd standard SH shanghai,GDP(gross domestic product),GNP(gross national product),5yr P(five year plan),SOE(state owned enterprise),FIE(foreign invested enterprise),JV(joint venture),SEZ(special economic zone),trd(trade),invt(investment),respon(responsibility),memo(memorandum),demo(demonstration),Ad(advertisement),CI(corporate image企业形象),Attn(attention),dept(department),Exch(exchange),coop(cooperation),prodc(production),ref(reference),info(information),IT indy(information industry),telcom(telecommunication),IDD(international direct dialing),R&D(research and development),CAD(computer assisted design),agrd(agreed).CEO(chief executive officer),Govt(government),中文缩略语,中国人民（中民），中国政府（chi,gov）,美国人民（美人,A 人），物质文明和精神文明（物神），国民经济发展指标（经标），可持续发展（可持），改革开放政策（改开），现代化（现H），国际化（国H），可行性（可X）。,按我国有关规定国定,企业家企业j/企,感到特别亲切特亲,特殊政策和灵活政策特灵,NPC（National Peoples Congress全国人民代表大会）,CPPCC（Chinese Peoples Political Consultative Conference中国政治协商会议）,GE（通用电器公司）,GM（通用汽车公司），UNESCO（联合国教科文组织）EU(欧洲联盟),OECD（经济合作发展组织）,APEC（亚太经济合作组织），ASEAN(东南亚国家联盟),the -for f that -t from fr and&if .f are r is z he e be b or o you u to t your ur in n an a of v so s at me m all l they -y but bt this -s would (d there -r,Which (c has hs what (t had hd was (s have hv whom (m she )e will (l shall )l when (n most m-can kn my m.go g new nw,some sm any an could kd first /-thing -,well (el think -nk say sa do d next nx lie l.until tl time t.m cannot knt send s+more mo very vr easy ez,/country and country,acc=,account,accountant,acdg=,according,acpt=,accept,ad=,advertisement,adm=,administration,ads=,address,adv=,advice,agr=,agriculture,agt=,agent,alt=,altitude,a.m.=,ante meridiem,=before,noon,AMAP=,as much as possible,amb=,ambassador,amt=,amount,anal=,analysis,B.A.=,Bachelor of Arts,bal=,balance,B.C.=before Christ,bd=,board,bdl=,bundle,bk=,bank,;book,bkts=,baskets,B/L=bill of lading(提单),BLDG=,building,bp=,birthplace,br=branch;brother,B.S.=,Bachelor of Science,bu=,bureau,C=,capacity,;century;chapter;centigrade;cost;city;center,cal=,calendar,;,caliber,;calories,cap=,capital,;,captain,cat=,catalog,cc=,carbon,copy(复印件；抄送),CEO=chief,executive,officer,cert=,certificate,CFM=,confirm,cncl=,cancel,cp.=,compare,cit=,citizen,civ=civil;,civilization,clk=,clerk,cml=,commercial,co.=,company,c/o=,care,of(转交),col=,college,;color,com=,commentary,;common;communication;community,comm=,commission,comp=complete;computer;,competition,con=,conclusion,;against,cond=,condition,cont.=,continent,;continued,corp=,corporation,cust=,customer,;custom;customs,Dec=,December,Dec=,December,dec=deceased;,declaration,def=,defender,;defense,deg=,degree,dep=,deposit,DEPT=,department,disc=,discount,dist=distance;,distinguish,div=,divide,;divorced,do.=,ditto,(同上）,dorm=,dormitory,dpt=,departure,dz=,dozen,e=,east,;earth;engineering,econ=economics;,economy,ed.=,education,;editor,e.g.=,exempli gratia,=,for example,encl.=enclosed;,enclosure,esp.=,especially,etc.=,et cetera,=,and so on,ex.=,example,;exception;extra,exp.=,export,expln=,explain,ext=extend;,extension,FAX=,facsimile,Feb.=,February,fem=female;,feminine,ff.=,following,fig=,figures,fin=finance;,financial,fl=,fluid,FLT=,flight,FOB=,free,on board(船上交货；离岸价格),for=foreign;,forestry,fp=,freezing,point,fr=,frequent,Fri.=,Friday,frt=,freight,(货物；货运),ft=,foot,;feet(脚；英寸),fut=,future,FYR=for your,reference,(仅供参考),g=gold;grain;guide;gender;,gravity,G.A.=General Assembly(联合国大会),gen.=,generally,gent=,gentleman,;gentlemen,gm=,gram,;general manager,gov=,government,gs=,general,secretary(秘书长),h=,harbor,;hundred;husband;,hydrogen,hd=,head,(头部；首脑),hf=,half,Hon=,honorable,;honorary,H.Q.=,headquarters,hr=,hour,ht=,height,hypoth=,hypothesis,;hypothetical,i.a.=in absence;,absent,ib.=,ibidem,=in the,same,place,ID=,identity,;identity card,i.e.=,id est,=that is,imp=import;,imperial,IMPS=,impossible,IMPT=,important,in.=,inch,;inches,ind=,industrial,;independent,indiv=,individual,info=,information,ins=,insurance,inst.=,instant,;institute,int.=,interior,;interest(兴趣；利息),I/O=,instead,of,IOU=I owe you(借据),I.Q.=intelligence,quotient,IVO=in,view,of(鉴于，考虑到),is.=,island,J=judge;,justice,jour=,journal,;journalist,jr.=,junior,(大学三年级学生;年少的;初级的),kg=,kilogram,(千克；公斤),km=,kilometer,(公里),lat.=,latitude,lb.=,pounds,(磅；英镑),L/C=,letter,of credit(信用证),leg=,legal,lib=library;,librarian,liq=,liquid,lit=,literature,long.=,longitude,M.A.=,Master of Arts,mach=,machinery,mag=,magazine,man.=manual;,manufacture,Mar=,March,math=,mathematics,MDL=,model,(型号；模特),Mdm=,Madam,med.=,medicine,;medical,mem=member;,memoir,(回忆录),memo=,memorandum,(备忘录),mid=,middle,min=minute;,minimum,mkt.=,market,mod=,moderate,;modern,Mon.=,Monday,mph=,mile,per hour(每小时英里数;车速),Mr.=,Mister,Mrs.=,Mistress,MS=,manuscripts,(手稿),msg=,message,Mt=Mount;,mountain,mus=,music,;museum,n=,north,;noon;name;normal,nat=,national,;native;natural,n.d.=,no,date(无日期),NLT=not,later,than(不迟于),No.=,number,Nov.=,November,nr=,near,obj=object;,objective,obs=,obsolete,(过时的);observe,obt=,obtain,Oct.=,October,off.=office;,official,op.=,opera,;operation;opposite,ord=,ordinary,org=,organization,orig=,original,oz.=,ounce,(盎司),p.=page;power;,pressure,para=,paragraph,part=,particular,;partner,pass=passive;,passenger,PAT=,patent,payt=,payment,pc=,piece,;personal computer,pd.=,paid,(钱款)已付,perf=perform;,performance,Ph.D.=,Doctor of Philosophy,pk=,park,;peak(备注：pk这个符号大家可以根据时髦的用语来灵活拓展其含义),pkg=,package,PLS=,please,p.m.=,post meridiem,=wafternoon,POB=post-office box,pop=,popular,;population,pr.=pair;,preferred,prec=,preceding,prim=primary;,primitive,prin.=,principle,pro=,product,Prof.=,professor,pub.=,public,;publish,qr.=,quarter,qt.=,quantity,qua=,quality,r.=,radius,;railroad;retired,rcd=,received,rcpt=,receipt,Rd=,road,re=,about,(关于),reg=,register,;region,rep=,representative,rev=revise;reverse;,revenue,riv=,river,rm.=,room,rpt=,report,;repeat,Sat.=,Saturday,sch=,school,sci=,science,sec=,second,;section;sector,sig.=signal;,signature,sitn=,situation,sp.=,species,(物种);specimen(标本),sq.=,square,STD=,standard,Sun.=,Sunday,surg=surgery;,surgeon,tech=,technology,tel.=,telephone,temp=temporary;,temperature,Thur.=,Thursday,TKS=,thanks,trans=transaction;,translation,trf=,traffic,ttl=,total,Tu.=,Tuesday,T.U.=,Trade Union,(英)工会,ult=,ultimate,UN=,United Nations,univ=,university,up=,upper,usu.=,usually,vil=,village,V.P.=,Vice,President,vs.=,versus,v.v.=,vice,versa(反之亦然),wel=,welcome,;welfare,XL=,extra,large(特大号),.笔记的原则,1.口译为主，笔记为辅。译者应以听看讲者，全面地吸收讯息、组成口译讯息为工作主体，笔记只是辅助的作用，不宜舍本逐末。2.笔记应呈现讯息的概念与结构。无论用图标或文字与符号，都应将之组成完整的讯息概念或组织结构。,3.记下密度与难度高的讯息。讯息负荷过量且不易记住的内容（如数字、专有名词），一定要做笔记。,4.笔记的内容与符号，以多重利用为原则。任何已记下的笔记内容与符号，都应尽量拉线再次利用，或用不同颜色的笔在原来的笔记上再做笔记，以最经济的方式发挥笔记的作用到极限。,5.笔记的语言符号，必须能够沟通。译者应避免使用自己不熟悉的符号，或是双人合作时应避免字迹凌乱。笔记纸大小，依译者可控空间而定。译者站立时，笔记本不宜超过手掌大小；有桌椅可用时，笔记可大至A4。,Homework,Listen to the recordings only once and take necessary notes.,Interpret the recordings according to your notes.,Take pictures of your notes.,