世界节日调查与比较.ppt

单击此处编辑母版标题样式,单击此处编辑母版文本样式,第二级,第三级,第四级,第五级,*,International festivals survey and compare,世界节日调查与比较,节日的定义,节日是世界人民为适应生产和生活的需要而共同创造的一种民俗文化，是世界民俗文化的重要组成部分。参考中国节日由来，大体地节日的起源主要有以下六个方面：,the meaning of festivals,Festivals are the cultures which are created people for,manufacture,those are the important,parts in the international cultures.According to the origins of Chinese festivals,list six aspects.,分类,1.,历法节气。中国自古以农为本。早在7000多年以前，原始农业已经出现了南北分野，北方以粟作为主，南方以稻作为主。农业生产有很强的季节性特点：春播、夏耘、秋收、冬藏，周而复始，年复一年。从远古时代起，中国先民就已掌握了反映农业生产特点的历法知识。相传，古代有黄帝、颛顼、夏、商、周、鲁六家历法，殷墟甲骨文中已经有了历法纪年，尚书尧典有春分、夏至、秋分、冬至四节气的划分，战国时代发展为24节气。,sort,1 Solar term.China base on the agriculture since ancient time.7000 years ago,original agriculture has appeared the differences between north and south,north mostly grow grain,south mostly grow rice.Agricultural production has a strong seasonal characteristic:planting in spring,cultivating in summer,harvest in autumn and collecting in winter again and again,year after year.,Since ancient time,the people in China has already known the knowledge of,reporting agricultural features.Its said that Yellow Emperor,Zhuan Xu,Xia,Shang,Zhou,Lu six solar terms has their calendar chronology,and there are the dipartition of the Spring Equinox,the Summer Solstice,the Autumnal Equinox,the Winter Solstice.It grew into 24 solar terms in Warring State.,2.,原始崇拜。中国原始先民常常把某些动物奉为神明加以崇拜，最典型的要算龙图腾崇拜。龙图腾崇拜对中华民族的影响极为深远，古代吴越人每年在端午节这天都要举行祭祀龙图腾的“龙舟竞渡”活动，这种龙图腾崇拜是端午节风俗形成的渊源之一。人类赖以生存和发展的农作物根植于土壤之中，因此，土地神崇拜在原始崇拜中占有重要地位。二月二日土地神生日，又称社日或社王节，主要民俗活动是祭祀土地神，祈求农业丰收。,3.Taboo and superstition.The production was very poor before the flood,people couldnt solve the mysteries of nature,and they couldnt grasp their lives,so they came out many taboos and superstitions.The Spring Festival is the most important festival in China,fireworks custom was used to chase the monsters,people added worship,reunion,amusement and so on afterwards.Its said that the mahogany can ward off evil exorcism,so on old New Years eve,all the families cut mahogany,make it into gods in order to keep the ghosts away.There are also many interdiction during the Spring Festival,for example,sweeping the floor and slashing water are not allowed,taboo to say”die”,and this kind of words are called”big mouth”.These taboos and superstition is a passive means to prevent,it showed people were looked forward to the luck.,4.,祭祀。最明显的例子是清明节和中元节。这两个节日原是以祭祖为源，以祭祖事鬼为主要节俗活动。清明扫墓包含有怀念祖先，勉励后人之意。中元节又称盂兰盆节，有放河灯拯孤照冥的习俗。,4 Fete.The most obvious example is the Sweeping Day and the Ghost Day.Those two festivals are came from ancestor worship,the devil worship things are the mainly activities.Tomb sweeping contains remember ancestors and descendants of the meaning and encouraged.The Ghost Day is also called Obon,There is a custom to put the lamps into rivers.,5.,宗教。中国民俗节日深受宗教影响，许多节日都来源于宗教。以佛教为例，七月十五日盂兰盆节，七月三十日地藏节（地藏菩萨诞辰日），十二月八日腊八节（佛祖成道日）。属于道教的节日有：一月九日天诞节（玉皇大帝诞辰），一月十五日上元节，一月十九日燕九节，二月一日天正节，二月十五日真元节（太上老君生日），三月三日蟠桃节（王母娘娘寿诞），七月十五日中元节，九月九日重阳节（斗姆星君诞辰日），十月十五日下元节。上述宗教节日流传到民间，逐渐形成了庙会等一系列节俗活动。,5 Religion.The religion play a very important part in Chinese folk festivals,and many festivals are come from religion.Such as Buddhism,there is a festival called“The Ullabana”on July 15th,Jizo Festival on July 30th,(July 30th is the birthday of the Jizo),December 8th is the LaBa Festival(because the Buddha succeed on this day).There are still some festivals in Taoism,for example,January 9th Tiandan Day,(it is the birth of the Jade Emperor),January 15th Lantern Festival,January 19th is YanJiu Festival,February 1st is Tengen Festival,February 15th is Masamoto Day(Its the birthday of Laotse),March 3rd is Peach Festival,(Its the birthday of Lady Queen Mother),July 15th is the Ghost Festival,September 9th is the Double Ninth Festival,(Its the birthday of DouMuXingYun),October 15th is the Ha Yuans Day.The above the religious festivals mentioned were handed down among the people,they were came into being a series of festivals.,6.,多神信仰。中国是个多神信仰的国家，有些神话传说和历史人物被奉为神明加以崇拜和祭祀，由此而产生了一系列大大小小的民俗节日。如一月五日路头神生日；一月八日诸星下凡，有祭星祈岁风俗；一月二十日天穿节，北京白云观举行庙会，做煎饼置屋上补天穿；二月二日龙抬头日，又为土地神诞辰；五月十三日关帝诞辰，有隆重的关帝庙会；六月十三日鲁班诞辰，木石泥瓦等行业祀鲁班先师，举行鲁班会；六月二十四日二郎神诞辰，祀二郎神；七月七日七夕节，又称乞巧节、鹊桥会，拜祭牛郎织女；八月五日万寿节，祀皇帝生日；十二月二十三日祭灶节，别称灶君升天日，祭社神。,6 Polytheism.There are many believes in China,some mythologies and historical figures were regarded as gods and they were worshiped and feted,so there are many festivals came from it.Such as the birthday of the Prai God:January 8th all the gods will descend to the world,so there is a custom to fete all the gods;January twentieth is TianChuan Festival,people will hold temple fair,and they will also make pancake to put them on the roofs in order to“repair”the sky:February second is“February two”,it also is the birthday of the land of god:May thirteenth is the birthday of the Guan Yu,and there are many ceremonious temple fairs;June thirteenth is the birthday of LuBan,who is the teacher of carpenters and stonemen,and they will hold LuBan Meeting;June twenty-fourth is the birthday of the Er-Lang God,people will sacrifice the Er-Lang God;July seventh is the Tanabate Festival,and it is also called”Qi Qiao Festival”or“Match-Making Party”,people will fete NiuLang and ZhiNv,August 8th is the birthday of the emperor,we call it“WanShou Festival”;December 23th is the day when the God of the Hearth went to the heaven,so people fete him on this day.,中国传统节日,【中国传统节日之春节】,时间：农历正月初一 Time:the first day of the lunar calendar,英文：Spring Festival,释义：,春节是农历的一岁之首，俗称“大年”。The Spring Festival is the first day of the new year.,起源：,春节的来历，在我国大约有四千多年的历史了。它是我国民间最热闹、最隆重的一个传统节日。古代的春节，是指农历二十四个节气中的“立春”时节，南北朝以后才将春节改在一年岁末，并泛指整个春季，这时大地回春，万象更新，人们便把它作为新的一年的开始。到了辛亥革命后的民国初年，改农历为公历阳历后，便将正月初一定为春节。直到1949年9月27日，中国人民政治协商会议上才正式把正月初一的新年定为“春节”，因而至今仍有许多人将过春节叫过年,。,Origin:The origin of the Spring festival,it is a festival with 4000 years history.It is one of the liveliest festivals.Ancient Spring festival is the time when the spring begins,people changed it to the end of the year since Northern and Southern Dynasties,and it meant the whole spring,at this time with the advent of spring all is fresh again,so people regard it as the begin of a year.After the 1911 Revolution,changed the lunar calendar into solar calendar,and make the new years day as the Spring Festival.Until September 27th,1949,on the CPPCC changed the new years day as Spring Festival formally,so people called the Spring Festival the New Year.,相关传说,年：人们常把过春节说成“过年”，而“年”的最初含义与今天根本不同。据说，在很古的时候，世界上有一种最凶恶的野兽叫“年”。它生长得比骆驼还大。跑起来比风还快，吼起来比雷还响。它一出来，见人吃人，见畜伤畜，人们的生命安全受到严重威胁。天神为了惩罚“年”，把它锁进深山，只许它一年出山一次。人们在长期的实践中，发现了“年”有“三怕”怕红颜色、怕响声、怕火光。于是，有一年腊月三十晚，大伙在门口贴上红纸，不断地敲锣打鼓、放鞭炮，晚上屋子里彻夜点上灯。“年”晚上来了一看，家家灯光通明；一听，处处放炮声，吓得它不敢进村。白天它又偷偷下山来，见还是户户门上红，遍地咚咚响，吓得它胆颤心惊，调头又跑回去了。从此后，“年”一直没敢再来，据说饿死在深山老林里了。后来，人们才把防“年”、“驱年”，变成安安稳稳地过年了。“年”没有了，但是过年的习俗仍保持着。鲜红的春联，辉煌的灯火，清脆的爆竹，响亮的锣鼓，年年如此,The Legend,People often said“The Spring Festival”,the”yaer”the origional meaing is fundamentally different from today.Its said that in a very ancient time,there was a kind of the most ferocious animals called”year”.It was larger than camel.It ran faster than wind,it roared louder than thunder.When it came out,eat people and hunt cattle,peoples lives and safety are seriously menaced.The god in order to punish the”year”,locked it into a mountain,and it could go out once a year.People found there were three weakness about the“year”:it was afraid of red color,noise and fire.So,people sticked red paper on the windows,keep beating drums and gongs,squib firecrackers,light a candle at the house all night.The“year”saw all lights were brightly lighted there;and heard people put guns everywhere,it was so frightened that it couldnt go to the village.During the day it came down the hill secretly,but saw there was a red paper on each house,people played fireworks everywhere,so it came to the hill in hurry.Since then,the”year”was afraid of coming back,it is said that it was starved in the hill.Afterwards,people turned preventing the“year”into chasing the“year”out.The“year”has gone,but the tradition is still reminds.Red couplets,brilliant light,crispfirecrackers,loud gongs and drums,year after year.,【中国传统节日之元宵节】,时间：农历正月十五,英文：Lantern Festival,释义,又称“上元节”，即阴历正月十五日。是我国一个重要的传统节日。在古书中，这一天称为“上元”，其夜称“元夜”、“元夕”或“元宵”。元宵这一名称一直沿用至今。,习俗,由于元宵有张灯、看灯的习俗，民间又习称为“灯节”。此外还有吃元宵、踩高跷、猜灯谜等风俗。,Chinese tradition festival-Lantern Festival,The Lantern Festival is also called”ShangYuan Festival”,it is the first month 15th in lunar calendar,it is one of the most important festivals in China.In the ancient books,called this day“Shangyuan”,”Yuanxi”or“Yuanxiao”.So“Yuanxiao”still in use since then.,Customs,Because there are customs like decorated with lanterns and enjoy the lanterns,so people also call the Lantern Festival“The Festival of Lamp”.And there are still customs like eat rice glue ball,stilt-walking,guess lantern riddles and so on.,演变,我国古代历法和月相有密切的关系，每月十五，人们迎来了一年之中第一个月满之夜，这一天理所当然地被看作是吉日。早在汉代，正月十五已被用作祭祀天帝、祈求福佑的日子。后来古人把正月十五称“上元”，七月十五称“中元”，十月十五称“下元”。最迟在南北朝早期，三元已是要举行大典的日子。三元中，上元最受重视。到后来，中元、下元的庆典逐渐废除，而上元经久不衰。,The development,Chinas ancient calendar and moon phases have a close relationship.Monthly 15th,people receive the first full moon night,and this day rightly be seen as auspicious day.As early as the Han Dynasty,Lantern Festival has been used as a day of worship.Later,the fifteenth ancients is called“Lantern”,July 15th called“Mid Lantern”,October 15th called“Last Lantern”.Latest early in the Southern and Northern Dynasties,the three Lantern Festivals are the celebration days.The“Lantern”is the most important in three of them.Finally,the“Mid Lantern”and the“Last Lantern”were gradually repealed,but the Lantern last a long time.,【中国传统节日之清明节】,时间：农历三月初八,（农历二十四节气中的“清明”那一天，公历4月5日左右）,释义,清明节是我国传统节日，也是最重要的祭祀节日，是祭祖和扫墓的日子。扫墓俗称上坟，祭祀死者的一种活动。汉族和一些少数民族大多都是在清明节扫墓。,习俗,按照旧的习俗，扫墓时，人们要携带酒食果品、纸钱等物品到墓地，将食物供祭在亲人墓前，再将纸钱焚化，为坟墓培上新土，折几枝嫩绿的新枝插在坟上，然后叩头行礼祭拜，最后吃掉酒食回家。唐代诗人杜牧的诗清明：“清明时节雨纷纷，路上行人欲断魂。借问酒家何处有？牧童遥指杏花村。”写出了清明节的特殊气氛。,Chinese tradition festival-Tomb Sweeping Day,Time:March 8,th,in lunar calendar(one of the 24solar terms in China,Tomb Sweeping Day,the calendar around April 5th.),Paraphrase,The Tomb Sweeping Day is the traditional Chinese festival,and it also is the important sacrifice day,it is the day of ancestor worshiping and pay respects to ancestors at their tombs.,Customs,According to the old customs,while sweeping the tomb,people should bring wine,fruits,joss papers to the tomb.And put these things in front of the tomb,light the paper money,put some new dust on the tomb,broke several new shoots on the tomb,then worship and bow,finally eat the foods up and go home.There is a piece of poem was written by Du mu in Tang Dynasty;There are always rain in Sweeping Tomb Day,the passers-by are walk with sorrow.I asked if there was a hotel,the cowboy pointed the Xing Hua village.,【中国传统节日之端午节】,时间：农历五月初五,英语：Dragon Boat Festival,释义,阴历五月初五日为“端午节”。“端午”本名“端五”，端是初的意思。“五”与“午”互为谐音而通用。是我国的一个古老节日。,来源,我国古代最早的爱国诗人屈原遭谗言被放逐后，目睹楚国政治日益腐败，又不得实现自己的政治理想，无力拯救危亡的祖国，于是自投汩罗江以殉国。此后，人们为了不使鱼虾吃掉其尸体，纷纷用糯米和面粉捏成各种形状的饼子投入江心，这便成为后来端午节吃粽子、炸糕的来源。这风俗已传到了国外。,注：,由韩国申报的江陵端午祭巴黎时间2005年11月24日被联合国教科文组织正式确定为“人类传说及无形遗产著作”。一度沸沸扬扬的中韩端午节“申遗”之争以韩国的胜利而告终，留给中国人的是一连串的反思。但是，中国人和世界一定记住：端午节，是我们中国的。我们在同情韩国棒子可怜的文化资源短缺的同时，更应该反思：我们还要丢弃多少优秀文化传统，还要留多少给别人抢占？我呼吁民间和官方行动起来，为保护中国文化传统而努力！,Paraphrase,The May fifth of lunar month is”The Dragon Boat Festival”.“The Dragon Boat Festival”speak in Chinese is“Duan Wu”,the“Duan”means the beginning.Because both of the two words are read“Wu”,so either of them is right.Its an ancient festival in China.,Origin,There was a poet with the name of QuYuan,he was besmirched so he was banished.Since then,he found Chu is going to ruin,and he couldnt achieve his dream in politics,couldnt save his country,so he killed himself by jumping into MiLuo River.Since then,people made sticky and flour pies threw into MiLuo River,in order to keep QuYuan,this behavior come into being a custom of eating rice dumplings,and this custom has been known by the foreigners.,Annotation,The Korea has reported the Dragon Boat Festival on November 24th,2005,and the UNESCO allowed it formally.The argument between China and the Korea was ended,Korea won the argument finally,Chinese should think it over!However,the Chinese and all the people all over the world will remember it:The Dragon Boat Festival belong to China,While we are sympathizing the Korean cultural resources is poor,we should recollect:How much cultural tradition we will discard?I call all of the Chinese should take action,try our best to protect Chinese cultural tradition!,【中国传统节日之七夕节】,时间：农历七月初七,来源,阴历七月七日的晚上称“七夕”。我国民间传说牛郎织女此夜在天河鹊桥相会。所谓乞巧，即在月光下对着织女星用彩线穿针，如能穿过七枚大小不同的针眼，就算很“巧”了。农谚上说“七月初七晴皎皎，磨镰割好稻。”这又是磨镰刀准备收割早稻的时候。,习俗,妇女于七夕夜向织女星穿针乞巧等风俗,Origin,People call the lunar night of July 7th“QiXi”.The ancient legend says that the cowboy and the Weaving Girl will meet on the magpie bridge over the Milky Way.The so-called begging for cleverness,is thread a needle with a color with a color line to the Vega Star in the moonlight,if through seven different sizes of needle,is considered very“skillful”.Farmers proverb says“The lunar July 7th is always sunny,its time to sharp the sickle and cut the rice.”,概述,复活节（主复活日）是一个西方的重要节日，在每年春分月圆之后第一个星期日。基督徒认为，复活节象征着重生与希望，为纪念耶稣基督于公元30到33年之间被钉死在十字架之后第三天复活的日子。,时间：复活节是在过了春分月圆后的第一个星期日。,Overview,The Easter is an important festival in western festivals,on the first Sunday of the Spring Equinox.Christians believe the Easter signifies the renascence and the hope.Its the third day to memory the day after Jesus died for three days.,Time,On the first Sunday of the Spring Equinox,.,节日期间，人们按照传统习俗把鸡蛋煮熟后涂上红色，代表天鹅泣血，也表示生命女神降生后的快乐；大人孩子三五成群地聚在一处，用彩蛋作游戏；他们把彩蛋放在地上或土坡上滚，最后破裂者即为获胜，胜利者可以得到所有游戏者的彩蛋。该活动非常普通，即使是白宫，也要在复活节中组织这种游戏，不过这里是将彩蛋放在草坪上滚；人们相信，彩蛋在地上来回滚动可以使恶魔不断惊颤、倍受煎熬。这种风俗历史悠久，鸡蛋是复活节的象征，因为它预示着新生命的降临，相信新的生命一定会从中冲脱出世。,During the festival,people paint the eggs into red,it means the swan weep blood,and it also means the happiness of the birth of Goddess of Life,adults and children get together,and play with colorful eggs,they put the colorful eggs on the ground to roll,the person whose egg is broken can have all of the colorful eggs.This activity is very common,even if in the White House,people will also play this game,but people dont put the colorful eggs to roll on the lawn.People believe that put the colorful eggs on the ground to roll can make the demon be tormented all the time.This kind of activity has a long history,the eggs is the symbol of Easter,because it means the arrival of the new life,people believe that the new life will get out of it in the end.,概述,愚人节也称万愚节，是西方也是美国民间传统节日，节期在每年4月1日。愚人节与古罗马的嬉乐节(Hilaria，3月25日)和印度的欢悦节(Holi，到3月31日为止)有相似之处。在时间的选择，看来与“春分”(3月21日)有关。在这时间天气常常突然变化，恰似是大自然在愚弄人类。对于愚人节的起源众说纷纭。一种说法认为这一习俗源自印度的“诠俚节”。该节规定，每年三月三十一日的节日这天，不分男女老幼，可以互开玩笑、互相愚弄欺骗以换得娱乐。,The“April Fools Day”is also called“All Fools Day”,its the traditional festival in western countries,on the April 1st.The April Fools Day is same as the Hilaria Festival and the Holi Festival.The divide of the time,it related to the Spri