如何翻译英文摘要2016.ppt

单击此处编辑母版标题样式,单击此处编辑母版文本样式,第二级,第三级,第四级,第五级,*,单击此处编辑母版标题样式,单击此处编辑母版文本样式,第二级,第三级,第四级,第五级,*,英文题名,题名的结构。英文题名以短语为主要形式，尤以名词短语,(noun phrase),最常见，即题名基本上由,1,个或几个名词加上其前置和,(,或,),后置定语构成,例如：,The Frequent Bryophytes in the Mountain Helanshan(,贺兰山常见苔藓植物,),；,Principles to follow in enrolling talents in higher education institutions(,高校人才引进应遵循的原则,),短语型题名要确定好中心词，再进行前后修饰。各个词的顺序很重要，词序不当，会导致表达不准。,题名一般不应是陈述句，因为题名主要起标示作用，而陈述句容易使题名具有判断式的语义；况且陈述句不够精练和醒目，重点也不易突出。少数情况,(,评述性、综述性和驳斥性,),下可以用疑问句做题名，因为疑问句可有探讨性语气，易引起读者兴趣。,例如：,Can Agricultural Mechanization be Realized Without Petroleum?(,农业机械化能离开石油吗,?),。,标题的翻译,论文的“眼睛”,:,主题和中心内容,准确,简明扼要,生动醒目,用词质朴,英文题名以,短语,为主要形式，尤以,名词短语,(noun phrase),最常见，即题名基本上由,1,个或几个名词加上其前置和,(,或,),后置定语构成,浅析篮球基本功,A brief analysis of basic skills in basketball,英汉翻译中的信息转换,Information Shift in English-Chinese Translation,短语型题名,要确定好中心词，再进行前后修饰。各个词的顺序很重要，词序不当，会导致表达不准。,电子管收音机和晶体管收音机的优缺点,The Advantages and Disadvantages of Vacuum Tube Radios and Transistor Radios,美国高校学生事物发展的最新趋势极其启示,Current Trends of Students Affairs Development in American Universities and Their Implications,美国大学生职业生涯规划服务质量研究,Research,on the Quality of American College Students Career Services,On,the Quality of American College Students Career Services,试论比较教育中的实地调查,On,the“Field Work”in Comparative Education Research,大阪大学通识教育实践模式研究,On,Practice Mode of General Education at Osaka University,教学行为研究在阅读教学中的作用,Action Research in the Teaching of Reading,俄罗斯社会转型时期流浪儿童成长问题探析,An Analysis of,the Development of,Street Children During the Social Transition in Russia,On the Development of,Street Children During the Social Transition in Russia,On,Street Children During the Social Transition in Russia,动宾型标题,:,译成动名词短语,浅析国内英语测试研究现状,Analyzing English Test Research in Our Country,谈“红色勋章”中的印象主义和自然主义,Talking on the Impressionism and Naturalism,in the Red Bandage of Courage,利用波浪能量淡化海水,Utilizing Wave Energy for Seawater Desalting,探讨大学英语教材中的语用问题,Exploring Pragmatic Knowledge in College English Textbook,陈述句标题,:,译成句子或短语,从世界多体化英语教学理论看我国英语教学,World Englishes Theory Can Improve Our English Reading,疑问句标题,:,疑问词,+,不定式,句子,比较教育,研究什么,?,Comparative Education Research:What to Study?,浅谈加强青少年传球技术的训练方法,shallow to talk strengthening a teenager spreads the ball technical training method,Strengthening Teenagers Spreading Skill,足球运动中的心理训练,The players psychological training of soccer,Psychological Training in Soccer,足球运动对中学生余暇体育的特殊影响,Football movement to middle-school student-odd free time sports special influence,Football Impact on High School Students Leisure-time Sports,浅析篮球基本功,A brief analysis of basic skills in basketball sport,Basic Skills in Basketball,浅析如何提高抢篮板球技术,Discussion on How to Improve Rebound Technology,How to Improve Rebound Technology,国际标准组织规定,论文标题一般不要超过,15,个英文单词,美国医学会规定题名不超过,2,行，每行不超过,42,个印刷符号和空格；美国国立癌症研究所杂志,J Nat,Cancer Inst,要求题名不超过,14,个词；英国数学会要求题名不超过,12,个词。这些规定可供我们,参考,。,总的原则是，题名应,确切、简练、醒目,，在能准确反映论文特定内容的前提下，题名词数越少越好,中英文题名的一致性。同一篇论文，其英文题名与中文题名内容上应一致，但不等于说词语要一一对应,:,从世界多体化英语教学理论看我国英语教学,World Englishes Theory Can Improve Our English Reading,与中文题名相比较，二者用词虽有差别，但内容上是一致的。,凡可用可不用的冠词均可不用。例如：,The,Effect of Groundwater Quality on,the,Wheat Yield and Quality,其中两处的冠词,the,均可不用。,题名字母的,大小写,有以下,3,种格式。,1.,全部字母大写。例如：,OPTIMAL DISPOSITION OF ROLLER CHAIN DRIVE,2.,每个词的,首字母,大写，但,3,个或,4,个字母以下的冠词、连词、介词全部小写。例如：,The Deformation and Strength of Concrete Dams with Defects,3.,题名,第,1,个词的首字母,大写，其余字母均小写。例如：,Topographic inversion of interval velocities,目前,2.,格式,用得最多，而,3.,格式,的使用有增多的趋势。,题名中的,缩略词语,。已得到整个科技界或本行业科技人员公认的缩略词语，才可用于题名中，否则不要轻易使用。,WTO,FIFA,GSU/GZSU(Guangzhou Sport University),作者与作者单位的英译,1),作者,:,中国人名按,汉语拼音,拼写；其他非英语国家人名按作者自己提供的罗马字母拼法拼写。,Hu Hansan,George Bush,2),单位,:,单位名称要写全,(,由小到大,),，并附地址和邮政编码，确保联系方便。另外，单位英译一定要采用本单位统一的译法,(,即本单位标准译法,),，切不可另起炉灶。,广州体育学院,Guangzhou Sport University,中山大学,Zhongshan University,Sun Yat-sen University,Guangdong University of Foreign Studies,Beijing Foreign Studies University,Shanghai International studies University,湖南师范大学,Hunan Normal University,摘要,abstract,要写好科技论文的英文摘要,首先要写好中文摘要,再在此基础上译成英文。要按照英语习惯进行翻译,切不可依照中文摘要的语序逐字逐句地直译。,一般而言,英文摘要是中文摘要的转译,所以应按照英文的语言习惯准确地译出中文摘要的内容,字数没有硬性规定,但普遍认为,150 180,个单词为宜。,规范的英文摘要一般包括目的、方法、结果和结论,总体要求重点突出、表达确切、简明扼要。切忌将中文摘要逐字逐句直译,或按照中文句式的思维模式来写英文,否则英文摘要将会显得罗嗦、不流畅,有时甚至词不达意或成为中式英文。,摘要,abstract,应该用简洁、明确的语言将论文的“目的,(Purposes)”,，主要的研究“过程,(,Procedures,)”,及所采用的“方法,(Methods,)”,，由此得到的主要“结果,(,Results,)”,和得出的重要“结论,(,Conclusions,)”,表达清楚。如有可能，还应尽量提一句论文结果和结论的,应用,范围和应用情况。也就是说，要写好摘要，作者必须回答好以下几个问题：,1),本文的目的或要解决的问题,(What I want to do?)2),解决问题的方法及过程,(How I did it?)3),主要结果及结论,(What results did I get and what conclusions can I draw?)4),本文的创新、独到之处,(What is new and original in this paper?),英汉语的思维模式存在差异,有时甚至大相径庭,翻译时需注意逻辑思维上的差异,用英语的思维方式地道转达内涵,不可照汉语方式字字对译。,照字面译,常不合英语习惯,有时还令人困惑不解。欧化的汉译文,诘屈聱牙,中国读者读了感到头痛,反之,若按汉语方式照搬,汉化的英文,外国同行也势必难以理解,因此,翻译时决不可生搬硬套或囿于原文字词的语法和字面意义,必须改变中文的模式,才不会出现汉语式英语,(Chinglish),。,病人牙痛得历害。,The patient s teeth pained seriously.(,错误,),。,The patient had a terrible toothache.(,正确,),。,You ask me,，,me ask who,？你问我，我问谁,One car come,one car go,two car pengpeng,one car died!,关于一场车祸的描述,Horse horse tiger tiger.,马马虎虎,Good good study,day day up.,好好学习，天天向上,No three no four.,不三不四,Know is know,noknow is noknow.,知之为知之，不知为不知,If you want money,I have no;if you want life,I have one!,要钱没有，要命一条,watch sister,表妹,As far as you go to die.,有多远，死多远,We two who and who?,咱俩谁跟谁？,people mountain people sea,人山人海,Tenalltenbeauty,十全十美,“,20th solar term,”,是二十四节气中的,“,小雪,”,，加上,blue,，就是小雪碧了,1.,这是为什么呢,?,谷歌版：,This is why?,山寨版：,This is why what,？,学院版：,Why is this?,2.,走别人的路，让别人无路可走,!,谷歌版：,Take someone elses road,to let others no way!,山寨版：,Walk other mans road,allow other man no way can go!,学院版：,Follow others footprint,leave them no way to go.,3.,我也是有身份证的人。,谷歌版：,Me too have the ID card people.,山寨版：,I also am have body card people.,学院版：,I am also somebody with an ID card.,“,猫论”,No matter whether it is a white cat or a black cat;as long as it can catch mice,it is a good cat.,Black cat,white cat,who cares as long as it can catch mice,Black Cat White Cat.Its a Good Cat if it Catches the Mouse,It doesnt matter if a cat is black or white,so long as it catches mice.,What does it matter if the cat is black or white?,翻译的原则：信、达、雅,You say that you love rain,but you open your umbrella when it rains.You say that you love the sun,but you find a shadow spot when the sun shines.You say that you love the wind,but you close your windows when wind blows.This is why I am afraid,because you say that you love me too.”,You say that you love rain,but you open your umbrella when it rains.You say that you love the sun,but you find a shadow spot when the sun shines.You say that you love the wind,but you close your windows when wind blows.This is why I am afraid,because you say that you love me too.”,你说你喜欢雨，但是下雨的时候你却撑开了伞；你说你喜欢阳光，但当阳光播撒的时候，而你却躲在阴凉之地；你说你喜欢风，但清风扑面的时候，你却关上了窗户。我害怕你对我也是如此之爱。,（普通版）,You say that you love rain,but you open your umbrella when it rains.You say that you love the sun,but you find a shadow spot when the sun shines.You say that you love the wind,but you close your windows when wind blows.This is why I am afraid,because you say that you love me too.”,你说烟雨微芒，兰亭远望,;,后来轻揽婆娑，深遮霓裳。你说春光烂漫，绿袖红香,;,后来内掩西楼，静立卿旁。你说软风轻拂，醉卧思量,;,后来紧掩门窗，漫帐成殇。你说情丝柔肠，如何相忘,;,我却眼波微转，兀自成霜。,（文艺版）,熟悉英文摘要的常用句型：尽管英文的句型种类繁多，丰富多彩，但摘要的常用句型却很有限，而且形成了一定的,规律,:,1.,主题句,:,本文介绍,讨论,详细论述,提出,.,This paperarticle describes introduces discusses elaborates focuses on raises proposes.,.is studied discussed presented introduced proposed analyzed explained in this article paper.,This article focus on the topics of,2.,本文的目的是,:,The purpose object of this article is,to explain,describe discuss.,The primary goal of this research is,The main objective of our investigation has been to obtain some knowledge of,A new computer-aided design method is presented(in this paper).,This paper is a brief introduction of the major findings and development in the field of,2.,发展句,:,实例,实验显示,表明,证实,:,Examples experiments demonstrate confirm show,提出,验证,引自,.,.is given verified derived from.,The formula is derived from,The method is based on,The test equipment which was used consisted of,3.,结论句,:,结果表明,Results examples show demonstrate indicate,The resultsare given presented,This concludes that.,PISA,在中国,:,教育评价新探索,PISA in China:Exploration in Educational Assessment and Evaluation,本文,通过,对当前国际上颇具影响力的大规模教育评价项目,-“,学生能力国际评价”,(PISA),的评价理念和技术,的分析,结合,教育部考试中心开展,PISA2006,中国试测研究实践收获,的启示,阐述了,作者对我国教育评价研究与发展的,思考和建议,This article reviews,the most prestigious large-scale international education assessment projects-the Program for International Student Assessment(PISA),and discusses,what the national Education Examinations Authority has learned from conducting PISA2006 China trial study.Based on the above,this paper describes authors reflections and suggestions,for improving China education assessment reform.,时态,英文摘要的时态运用也以简练为佳,常用一般现在时、一般过去时、现在完成时和过去完成时,进行时态和其他复合时态基本不用。,一般现在时主要用于陈述性、资料性摘要中,用于说明,研究,目的、叙述研究,内容,、描述结果、得出结论、提出建议或讨等。,This study(investigation)is conducted,(undertaken),The result shows(reveals),，,It is found that;,The conclusions are,The author suggests that,本文的目的在于突出放疗的重要性。,The purpose of this article is to emphasize the importance of radiation therapy.,一般过去时,一般过去时主要用于说明某一具体项目的发展情况,介绍技术研究项目的具体资料,而且对研究对程中所进行的活动进行描述时也用一般过去时。用于叙述过去某一时刻,(,时段,),的发现、某一研究过程,(,实验、观察、调查、医疗等过程,),。,分析了,89,例早期肝癌的治疗结果。,The results of treatment of early liver cancer were analyzed in 89 patients,现在完成时,现在完成时是把过去发生的或过去已完成的事情与现在联系起来,说明研究的发展背景,介绍已结束的研究项目,.,从发病时起,对病人随访了三年。,The patients have been followed for 3 years since the beginning of their disease.,全疗程未发现中毒反应。,No toxic effects of this total course have been noted.,被动语态,英汉相比,英语多用被动语态,在科技英语中被动语态使用得尤其广泛,翻译摘要时,往往采用被动语态,这样可避免提及有关的执行者,句子的容量增加,重心后移,表达更具有英语味,行文也更显得客观,使读者的注意力集中在描述的事物、现象或过程上,而且被动语态在结构上有较大的调节余地,利于采用必要的修辞手段和突出重要的概念、问题、事实、结论等内容,利于扩展名词短语,扩大句子的信息量。,儿童比成年人更易罹病,在学校或团体常可见此病流行。,Children are more often afflicted than adults,and epidemics in schools and institutions are commonly observed,不过,在某些特殊情况下,采用主动语态比被动语态在结构上更简练,表达更直接有力,.,现在主张摘要中谓语动词尽量采用主动语态的越来越多，因其有助于文字清晰、简洁及表达有力。,The author systematically introduces the history and development of the tissue culture of poplar,比,The history and development of the tissue culture of poplar are introduced systematically,语感要强。,英文摘要的人称。原来摘要的首句多用第三人称,This paper,等开头，现在倾向于采用更简洁的被动语态或原形动词开头。,例如：,To describe,，,To study,，,To investigate,，,To assess,，,To determine,，,行文时最好不用第一人称，以方便文摘刊物的编辑刊用。,提高英文摘要的文字效能,1)Limit the abstract to new information(,摘要中只谈新的信息,),。）,strive for brevity(,尽量使摘要简洁,),。就目前来看，由于大多数作者在英文写作方面都比较欠缺，因此，由作者所写的英文摘要离要求相距甚远。有的作者写出很长的英文摘要，但文字效能很低，多余的字、句很多；有的作者写的英文摘要很短，但也存在多余的字句。总而言之，就是文字的信息含量少。中国信息部还对英文摘要的写作提出了以下几点具体要求。,1),尽量用短句,(use short sentences),。,2),描述作者的工作一般用过去时态,(,因为工作是在过去做的,),，但在陈述由这些工作所得出的结论时，应该用现在时态。,3),熟悉英文摘要的常用句型,奥运会篮球比赛是世界最高水平的篮球赛事，,2008,年北京奥运会美国男子篮球队再次集结了,NBA,最顶尖的职业选手参赛，以及中国篮坛骄傲,-,姚明的参赛，使男子篮球比赛成为本届奥运会上最引人注目的赛事。,Basketball games in the Olympic Games are the highest level game in the world.The American mens basketball team built up by a group of top professional players participating in the 2008 Beijing Olympic Games,and Ming Yaothe pride of Chinese basketball,his participation,brought the mens basketball game to the spotlight of this Olympic Games.,Basketball games in the Olympic Games are the highest level in the world.,The American mens basketball team participated in the 2008 Beijing Olympic Games with a group of top professional players,including Ming Yaothe pride of Chinese basketball,which constituted the most spectacular part in this Olympic Games.,浅谈篮球比赛中的攻守转换,摘要：,篮球比赛中的攻守转换是篮球比赛的重要组成部分，在现代篮球运动中起着越来越重要的作用。因此，运用文献资料法、专家访谈法和综合分析法对篮球比赛中的攻守转换的几个关键问题进行分析探讨，以期给广大的篮球爱好者提供参考。,关键词：,篮球；比赛；攻守转换,On the Change of Basketball Match,Abstract,：,Change of the game of basketball is an important part of the basketball competition.In modern basketball playing an increasingly important role.Therefore,the method of documentation,expert interviews and comprehensive analysis of the game of basketball and defending the key issues discussed.to provide information to the vast number of basketball fans.,因此，运用文献资料法、专家访谈法和综合分析法对篮球比赛中的攻守转换的几个关键问题进行分析探讨，以期给广大的篮球爱好者提供参考。,Some key issues in transition(or change-over)of basketball is discussed in this article(by means of documentary review,experts interview and comprehensive analysis),to provide reference for basketball fans.,Key words:,basketball;competition;change,Students work,优秀男子足球守门员年龄、身高、体重的比较研究,摘要：,运动数理统计法、资料分析法，对参加,2006,赛季我国中超足球联赛守门员，,2005-2006,赛季意大利甲级足球联赛守门员和第,17,届世界杯前四名队伍守门员的年龄、身高、体重等指标进行比较研究，揭示我国足球守门员的年龄、身高和体重特征，为足球选材、训练提供参考依据。,关键词：,足球守门员；年龄；身高；体重,优秀男子足球守门员年龄、身高、体重的比较研究,The Compared Research on Outstanding Man soccer Goalkeepers Age,Height,Weight,运动数理统计法、资料分析法，对参加,2006,赛季我国中超足球联赛守门员，,2005-2006,赛季意大利甲级足球联赛守门员和第,17,届世界杯前四名队伍守门员的年龄、身高、体重等指标进行比较研究，揭示我国足球守门员的年龄、身高和体重特征，为足球选材、训练提供参考依据。,Abstract:,Using the mathematical and the material method,to analysis the goalkeepers age,height,body weight of our Superior Football League Game in 2006 season and Italy A-grade Football League Game in 2005-2006 season and the first four teams of the 17th session of World Cup and so on.Carry on the study of our soccergoalkeepers age,the height and the body weight characteristic to provide the reference for the soccer selection and the training.,Key words:,Goalkeepers;Age;Height;Weight,对高校开展五人制足球教学比赛的研究,中文摘要,:,调查研究表明,:,在高校开展五人制足球比赛,不但有利于提高大学生的体育兴趣,推动高校大学生的全民健身运动，促进高校大学生健身运动的广泛开展，对缓解高校体育活动场所供需矛盾,而且不允许有任何冲憧和铲断球,可以杜绝或减少运动伤病的发生,是发展学生身体素质的最佳方式。,关键词,：高校；五人制足球；教,Research on the Five Teaching Soccer Match in College,Abstract,:,Research shows that:the five teaching soccer match not only will help improving students interested in sports and promote the college students nationwide fitness campaign to promote college students in a wide range of fitness exercise,to ease the contradiction between supply and demand of college sports venues,but also not allow any conflict,you can eliminate or reduce the incidence of sports injuries,it is the best way to develop physical fitness.,Key words,:College;Five Teaching Soccer Match;teach,浅析高科技在足球比赛中的应用,Reflection on high technology using in the soccer game,中文摘要：高科技在现代足球比赛上的应用越来越多，特别是在,2006,年德国世界杯新技术手段和成果应用更加广泛，进一步体现现代足球发展方向和特点。,Abstract:More and more high technology was used in the modern soccer game.Especially,many methods and fruit of new technology was used in the FIFA world of Germany in 2006,in this way,to advance to show the development trends and the characters of modern soccer.,key:modern soccer,high technology,use,the FIFA world of Germany in 2006,关键词：现代足球，高科技，应用,2006,年德国世界杯,当今世界和中国男子篮球的发展现状,奥运会篮球比赛是世界最高水平的篮球赛事，,2008,年北京奥运会美国男子篮球队再次集结了,NBA,最顶尖的职业选手参赛，以及中国篮坛骄傲,-,姚明的参赛，使男子篮球比赛成为本届奥运会上最引人注目的赛事。,Basketball games in the Olympic Games are the highest level game in the world.,The American mens basketball team built up by a group of top professional players participating in the 2008 Beijing Olympic Games,and Ming Yaothe pride of Chinese basketball,his participation,brought the mens basketball game to the spotlight of this Olympic Games.,Basketball games in the Olympic Games are the highest level in the world.,The American mens basketball tea