大学英语英国文学ThomasHardy.pptx

单击此处编辑母版标题样式,单击此处编辑母版文本样式,第二级,第三级,第四级,第五级,*,单击此处编辑母版标题样式,单击此处编辑母版文本样式,第二级,第三级,第四级,第五级,*,单击此处编辑母版标题样式,单击此处编辑母版文本样式,第二级,第三级,第四级,第五级,*,Thomas Hardy,(1840-1928),If asked to state his profession,without hesitation Hardy would have declared himself a poet rather than a novelist.He began to write poetry in the late 1850s,in his early teens,and continued until his death at the age of eighty-seven.,Who is him?,“,我以为读他一册书比受大学教育四年都要好”,徐志摩,1/84,the last Victorian,Fatalism and pessimism,best known for his extraordinary skill in mastering the narrative form,the portrayal of characters and the psychological analysis had great influence to the later writers.,a transitional figure,between the Victorian Age and the 20th century;,2/84,Life experience,3/84,Born in June 2,1840 in Higher Bockhampton in this cottage.,His father Thomas:a stonemason and local builder.,His mother Jemima:well-read and educated Thomas until he went to school.,He was a sickly child,was not able to attend school at a young age.,22 years old,Hardy moved to London,become an architect,&started to,write poems,which idealized the rural life.,4/84,Hardys work as an,architect,prizes from the,Royal Institute of British Architects,&the,Architectural Association,.,5/84,From architect to novelist,Hardy wrote poetry originally,he eventually adopted novel-writing for financial reasons.,6/84,From novels to poems,Jude the Obscure,along with various of Hardys other novels including,Tess of the DUrbervilles,were met with great hostility from critics and readers.,Disgusted by the restraints of Victorian conventions,Hardy decided to write no more novels.Subsequently he wrote poetry instead,as was his top priority,7/84,Hardys First Wife,Emma Gifford,:,a woman of high social status.,She had a very interesting personality and,was always remember by visitors to the Hardy household.She died in 1912.,Thomas and Emma Hardy resided at Max Gate from 1884 onward.,Desighed by Hardy himself,8/84,Second wife,Hardys nurse,companion and fan.,In 1914,Hardy married his secretary,Florence Emily Dugdale,who was 39 years his junior.,Due to Florences care,Hardy could remain healthy and,continue his writing career.,9/84,Thomas Hardys Home,Dorchester,10/84,Hardys House,11/84,Dorchester,12/84,Hardys Statue,13/84,14,Thomas Hardys Study,14/84,In 1928,this last important novelist and poet of the 19th century died.,It was Hardys wish that he be buried at Stinsford.However,after his death,the authorities at Westminster Abbey suggested he be buried in Poets Corner.Faced with this dilemma his wife decided that his heart should be buried at Stinsford and his ashes be interred in the Abbey.,Grave of Thomas Hardy,15/84,Thomas Hardys Grave,Stinsford Churchyard,16/84,Styles,His novels share,a pessimistic view,of the human condition.Nature is indifferent to a persons desires and efforts.The bitter ironies of,fruitless efforts and lost affections is an ironic and tragic tone,to Hardys novels,making them unlike mainstream Victorian novels with their hopeful conclusions.,His novels are influenced,by Darwins evolution theory,which stresses that,the most adapted species survives the natural selection,.Hence,naturalism and fatalism,play a great part in his novels.His works are also rich in symbolism,local colorism.,17/84,Major works,-,3 classes,A novelist&Short story writer,18/84,1.Novels of,Character and Environment,（性格与环境小说）,The Poor Man and the Lady,(1867,unpublished and lost),穷汉与贵妇人,Under the Greenwood Tree,(1872),绿树荫下,Far from the Madding Crowd,(1874,),远离尘嚣,The Mayor of Casterbridge,(1886,),卡斯特桥市长,Tess of the dUrbervilles,(1891,),德伯家苔丝,Jude the Obscure,(1895,),无名裘德,19/84,Major works,Under the Greenwood Tree,1872,Far from the Madding Crowd,(1874),The Return of the Native,(1878),Tess of the dUrbervilles 1891,Jude the Obscure,(1896),The Mayor of Casterbridge,(1886),20/84,He explored tragic characters,struggling against their passions&social circumstances&set his fictions in the semi-fictional land of,Wessex,where he grew up.,This Class is about,peoples pursuit to happiness and awareness of their dreams,reflecting the acute,conflicts between people and the environment,around them,.,21/84,Main Works,the,Wessex,novels,novels of,character&environment,22/84,His principal works are the Wessex Novels,i.e.,the novels describing the characters and environment of his native countryside.,They are known for the vivid description of the vicissitudes of people who live in an agricultural setting menaced by the forces of invading capitalism.,23/84,These works,known as“novels of character and environment,”are the most representative of him as both,a naturalistic and a critical realist writer.,He truthfully depicts the,impoverishment and decay of small farmers,who became hired fieldhands and roamed the country in search of seasonal jobs.These labourers were mercilessly exploited by the rich landowners.,24/84,Wessex Novel,哈代以其故乡英国西南部农村（古称威塞克斯地域）为背景所作小说总称（又称性格与环境小说）。反应了十九世纪中叶以来英国农村生活，尤其是反应了资本主义侵入农村之后所激起猛烈社会变动，农民破产，农村经济、道德、风俗等方面改变以及人们精神痛苦。对资本主义社会法律、道德、宗教、教育制度多有批判。有浓厚宿命观念和悲剧气氛。,哈代“性格和环境小说”，表现出作者对造成威塞克斯社会和威塞克斯人悲剧命运探讨，经历了“命运悲剧”,“,性格悲剧”,“,社会悲剧”发展过程。,25/84,2.Romances and Fantasies,（传奇与幻想小说）,A Pair of Blue Eyes(1873),一双蓝眼睛,Two on a Tower(1882),塔里两个人,The Well-Beloved(1897)(first published as a serial from 1892),心爱人,mainly talk about romantic love stories,.,26/84,3.Novels of Ingenuity,（机巧和试验小说）,Desperate Remedies(1871),铤而走险,The Hand of Ethelberta(1876),埃塞尔伯塔婚姻,A Laodicean(1881),冷漠人,27/84,Naturalism,Naturalism is a deterministic theory of writing,developed out of realism.,It holds that philosophically everything is a part of nature and can be explained by natural and material causes,that human lives and actions are determined by,environment,and,heredity,forces absolutely beyond mans control,and that a writer should adopt an,objective view,toward the material written about,and represent with clinical accuracy and frankness the details of life especially the,deficiencies and shortcomings,of human beings.,28/84,Tone:pessimistic,Representative writers:,Hardy in England,Crane,Dreiser,Norris and ONeill in America,Zola in France,29/84,Hardys Pessimistic Attitude,Hardy held the belief that mans fate is predeterminedly tragic,driven by,a combined force of“nature,”both inside and outside.,Limitiation:,Cramped by,his petty-bourgeois outlook,Hardy could not understand that it was not fate,but the,unfavourable conditions of capitalism,which were responsible for the tragic lives of the people whom he described in his books.,30/84,Features of his novels,1.Sympathy for the peasants in an age of decline and decay of peasantry;,Hardy takes common working-class people as heroes and heroines in his novels.His heroes are usually tragic ones who acquire self-consciousness and question the fundamentals of the society.And with these traditional characters he is always sympathetic.,2.nostalgia for the pastoral and patriarchal mode of life;,In his Wessex novels,there is an apparent nostalgic touch in his description of the simple and beautiful though primitive rural life,which was gradually declining and disappearing as England marched into an industrial country.,31/84,3.A naturalistic tendency in his works.,In his works,the strong elements of naturalism are combined with a tendency towards symbolism.M,ans life controlled by hostile,cruel,mysterious fate;a pessimistic vein runs throughout his novels.,architectural structure by accumulating each circumstance,each detail to strengthen the final effectFate;,Features of his novels,32/84,Features of his novels,5.nature in his novels personified and symbolic,like a character in the development of the plot,6.,The underlying theme of his novel is the struggle between man and his environment,between aspiring human spirit and the external inanimate nature.This Fatalism is strongly reflected in his writings.,33/84,Features of his novels,7.,In style,Hardy is a traditionalist,although there are obvious traits of modernism in thematic matters.Almost all his works are perfectly structured and well plotted.The rustic dialect heightens its local or regional color.They are also noted for the detailed and poetic description of the characters inner life their desires,passions,and sufferings,etc.and its reflection in the environment.,8.,a good knowledge of folkways(superstition.)and peasants feelings;,34/84,Tess of the,dUrbervilles,(1891,),35/84,Image of Tess in the films,36/84,Main characters,Tess,The oldest daughter from a poor family with a noble origin,Alec,Angel,A young man who hates the old family and likes farming,Video,A rich man from a wealthy family who bought the family name dUrbervilles from Tesss family,37/84,(2)a link between the late-Victorian literature of the end of the nineteenth century and that of the modern era.,38/84,Tess finds work as a dairymaid on a farm and falls in love with Angel Clare,a clergymans son.They marry but when Tess tells Angel about her past,he hypocritically deserts her.,39/84,Tess becomes Alecs mistress.Angel returns from Brazil,repenting his harshness,but finds her living with Alec.Tess kills Alec in desperation,she is arrested and hanged.,40/84,41/84,Tess of the DUrbervilles,1.,introduction,2.,Main Plot,3.,Analysis of main characters,4.,Questions for discussion,42/84,Tess of the DUrbervilles,was subtitled,A Pure Woman,and published in 1891.,It is one of Hardys saddest tales of rural troubles.,1.,introduction,43/84,a milkmaid,seduced by one man,married and rejected by another,eventually murdered the first one,considered unfit for publications which young people might read,44/84,Early critics attacked Hardy for the novels subtitle,“A Pure Woman”,arguing that Tess could not possibly be considered pure.,They also denounced his frank for the time,depiction of sex,criticism of organized religion,dark pessimism,45/84,Analysis of,the main characters,Tess Durbeyfield,Angel Clare,Alec Stokes dUrberville,46/84,Tess Durbeyfield,the protagonist,eldest daughter in a poor rural working family,a fresh,pretty country girl with,a good heart and a sensitive soul,47/84,哈代笔下苔丝,Pure,“You could sometimes see her twelfth year in her cheeks,or her ninth sparkling from her eyes;and even her fifth would flit over the curves of her mouth now and then.”,Innocent,diligent,spirited heroine,the eldest daughter of a poor,rural Victorian family.She is sensitive,loyal and kind and tries to do the best for her loved ones.,48/84,Her weakness:her,innocence,unschooled“in the ways of the,world”,unable to protect herself,49/84,She is a brave girl,hard-working and sweet-natured and innocent,she is not free from the influence of social conventions and,moral standards of,the day.,50/84,In a word,she is a,victim of economic oppression and social injustice,.,51/84,strikingly attractive,intelligent,hard-working,honest and faithful,innocent,unsophisticated,deep moral sensitive,social symbolism,:the changing role of the agricultural workers in England in the late 19th century.,religious symbolism,:fallen humanity in a religious sense.,represents,52/84,Angel Clare,the son of a clergyman,Tesss husband and true love,He considers himself a freethinker.,But his notions of,morality,turn out to be fairly conventional.,53/84,Analyze the characters,Angel Clare,Angel is an intelligent and kind clergymans son.,Tess,first sees him at a Mayday dance but he ignores her.Choosing to follow a life in farming rather than one in the Church,he wants to work for the honour and glory of man.,Tess meets him again at a farm where shes working as a milkmaid and they fall deeply in love.,54/84,freethinking,intelligent,reserved,subtle,persistent,Angel Clare was a typical,image of bourgeois intellectuals,and seemed to be a humanist and free thinker.,Represents a,rebellious,striving toward a personal vision of goodness,His love for Tess,a mere milkmaid,and in that time,is one expression of his disdain,（蔑视）,for tradition.,Angel Clare,55/84,Alec Stokes dUrberville,the son of Mrs.DUrberville.,He rapes(or possibly seduces)Tess when she is no more than 17 years old,later pursues her,relentlessly,56/84,Forced her to agree to become his mistress again.,In the end,Tess kills him with a knife to the heart.,57/84,Analyze the character,Alec DUrberville,Alec is the handsome,but self-centred and manipulative eldest son of,Tesss,supposed illustrious relatives-the DUrbervilles.,After going to work at The Slopes-Alecs family home-Tess falls into his clutches.She is easily seduced by his apparent charm and generosity.,58/84,handsome,immoral,manipulative,guileful,lascivious,sinister,the base forces of life that drive a person away from moral perfection and greatness,Alec Durberville,represents,59/84,Questions for Discussion,1)The subtitle of the novel is,A Pure Woman Faithfully Portrayed,.All things considered,was Tess a pure woman?Why or Why not?,60/84,Tess was a pure woman:,a.pure here not refers to the physical meaning but the spiritual one.Throughout the novel,Tess was loyal to her true feelings.She remained her loyalty to Angel.Alec only claimed her body.She was spiritually with Angel all the time.,b.She is responsible and does her best for the family.,c.She is honest.,d.She could face her tragedy with great dignity.,61/84,Hardy never condemns Tess;his view of her is the one expressed in the subtitle to the novel.,Hardy exposes in Tesss story how women are wronged by the standards of his day.,62/84,2)Why do we say Tesss tragedy is a personal as well as a social one?,63/84,Tesss fate is personal:,She happens to be so beautiful,so pure,so innocent,and so poor,and she happens to get involved with 2 men who,though apparent rivals,actually joint their forces in bringing about her destruction.,Both Alec and Angel violated and made fun of Tess.Tess was,physically,injured by Alec dUrberville,and,mentally,was affected by Angel Clare.,Alec and Angel by different way made Tess tragedy from bad to worse.,64/84,Her fate is a social one:It can be the fate of any country girl like her.It can be the fate of all the peasants who are driven out of their land and home and forced to seek somewhere else for sustenance.,65/84,What does“Thus the thing began”mean?,Hardy notes,Thus the thing began.It should be noted that Hardy gives subtle hints that a play has commenced.,66/84,This technique dates back to the ancient Greek period when plays(or dramas)were written about the sport that the Greek gods took with mortal men.,Sometimes it was said that the Greek gods enjoyed using mankind as toys or for sport.,Hardy knows this and uses this device as a springboard for his own work,making Tess an unwitting and unwilling participant.,67/84,4)How do you understand the last sentence,“Jutice is done,and the president of Immortalshad ended his sport with Tess.”?,68/84,As an,insecure,and,inferior,being,Tess can never love in a genuine and generous way.Tesss fate is to be tragic as soon as she appears in the novel.,She is not the master of her own life,and she can only be the object to be preyed upon,then humiliated and aba