unit9LanguageandCulture市公开课一等奖省赛课微课金奖课件.pptx

单击此处编辑母版标题样式,单击此处编辑母版文本样式,第二级,第三级,第四级,第五级,*,*,*,单击此处编辑母版标题样式,单击此处编辑母版文本样式,第二级,第三级,第四级,第五级,*,*,*,Chapter 9 Language and Culture,1/62,（一）Interpretation,What is culture?,In a broad sense,culture means the total way of life of a people,including the patterns of belief,customs,objects,institutions,techniques,and language that characterizes the life of the human community.,In a narrow sense,culture may refer to local or specific practice,beliefs or customs,which can be mostly found in folk culture,enterprise culture or food culture,etc.,There are generally two types of culture:material and spiritual.,2/62,A reference to Chinese culture,1.文治与教化,汉，刘向说苑指武“凡武之兴，为不服也，文化不改，然后加诛。”,梁，昭明文选“文化内辑，武功外悠。”,2.利用文字能力和普通知识,3.考古用语。指同一个文化特征。,4.人类在社会历史发展过程中所创造物质和精神财富总和：广义文化。,5人类文化精神结晶：狭义文化。,中国文化起源展现多方位性向聚拢性、融合性及至统一保守性发展特色。西方文化起源展现单一性向外向性、及至代谢图新性发展特色。,3/62,Types of culture:,Material culture:concrete,substantial and observable,spiritual culture:abstract,ambiguous,hidden.(the products of mind,e.g.:ideologies,beliefs,values and concepts of time and space),Culture,especially material culture,is reproduced and preserved through the maintaining of beliefs,traditions,education and other institutional mechanisms,meanwhile,it changes slowly with the development of the society,4/62,Features of culture:,1.culture is socially acquired instead of biologically transmitted.,2.Culture is shared among the members of a community instead of being unique to an individual.,3.Culture is symbolic.Symbolizing means assigning to entities and events meanings which are external to them and not able to be grasped by themselves alone.Language is the most typical symbolic within culture.,4.Culture is integrated.Each aspect of culture is tied in with the other aspects.,In other words,culture is composed of the following systems:techno-economic system,social system,ideational system and linguistic system.,5/62,The relationship between language and culture,What we say influences what we think,what we feel and what we believe.Humans learn their culture through language;culture is transmitted through language.,Language use is heavily tinted with its culture.The same word may stir up different associations in people under different cultural background,e.g.the word“dog”.,Language embodies cultural identity.Language expresses cultural reality,reflects the peoples attitudes,beliefs,world outlooks,etc.,The culture both emancipates and constrains people socially,historically and metaphorically.,Culture also affects its peoples imagination or common dreams which are mediated through the language and reflected in their life.,6/62,On the one hand,language as an integral part of human being,permeates in his thinking and way of viewing the world,language both expresses and embodies cultural reality;on the other,language,as a product of culture,helps perpetuate the culture,and the changes in language uses reflect the cultural changes in return.,Each culture has its past and tradition.It is language that has played a major role in socializing the people and in perpetuating culture,especially in print form.,any culture exists in relation to another culture,any culture has its own strong point and weak point,and any culture cannot avoid undergoing such periods as those of germination,development,prime of its life and decline.,7/62,Language and culture,intrinsically dependent on each other,have evolved together through the history.Language is related to cognition,and cognition in turn is related to the cultural setting.Their mutual interdependence can find proof in the rise of civilization,the development of writing and human communication.,Each culture presents to its members,either consciously or subconsciously through words,the ideas and concepts that culture transmits from generation to generation.,In a word,Culture is a wider system that completely includes language as a system.Yet it is quite difficult to separate the two.,8/62,Meaning in learning culture and language:,Learning a language is inseparable from learning its culture.Cultural communication is gaining increasing popularity.,The ignorance of cultural differences can create barriers in learning the target and in communication,thus causing some unnecessary misunderstanding and confusion sometimes.,It would be easier for us to master the trend of cultures:the borrowed words usually reflect the routes of cultural imports.,Understanding linguistic imperialism:it is necessary to adopt special language policy to protect the purity of their languages.,It helps to bridge the gap between both cultural and linguistic differences.,9/62,disputes:,a.Anthropological culture vs.high culture,(人类学文化与优雅文化之争),b.Cultures and languages,c.Tradition and anti-tradition,d.Chinese culture and foreign cultures,(Chinese culture will become more mature approaching the mainstream of world culture.,The differences between modern and ancient Chinese,between home and abroad cultures.Classical Chinese poetry makes a good example.We should put Chinese culture in a position of carrying on equal dialogues with Western culture.,Theres no good if we advocate“overall Westernization”of culture.),10/62,Sapir-Whorf hypothesis,Edward Sapir and Benjamin Whorf,proclaimed that the structure of the language people habitually use influences the ways they think and behave,i.e.different languages offer people different ways of expressing the world around,they think and speak differently,this is also known as linguistic relativity.,Sapir and Whorf believe that language filters peoples perception and the way they categorize experiences.This interdependence of language and thought is now known as Sapir-Whorf Hypothesis.,11/62,Strong version&weak version,Strong version believes that the language patterns determine peoples thinking and behavior;,Weak version holds that the former influence the latter.,The study of the linguistic relativity or SWH has shed two important insights:,There is nowadays a recognition that language,as code,reflects cultural preoccupations and constrains the way people think.,More than in Whorfs days,however,we recognize how important context is in complementing the meanings encoded in the language.,12/62,Linguistic evidence of cultural differences,Any linguistic sign may be simultaneously of a denotative,connotative,or iconic kind of meanings.,Denotative meaning-a meaning that can be found in a dictionary.,Connotative meaning-a meaning or idea suggested by a word or thing in addition to the formal meaning or nature of the word or thing.,Iconic meaning-the image or icon invoked in mind by a word.,For example,“My love is a red,red rose”.,It stirs up vividly the imagination of a beautiful lady.This is the iconic meaning.,13/62,Some illustrations of the cultural differences in language:,greetings and terms of address;,People choose the proper one from a dozen different greetings to greet different people they meet on different occasions.,e.g.:-How do you do!,-Ninhao!(Nihao!),-Where are you heading for?,-Tongzhi./Shifu.(Mr.Mrs.),The extension of kinship terms is another feature of Chinese culture.Native speakers of English would be puzzled if they are addressed in this way by people outside the immediate family.Similarly,the use of respectful titlesChairman Jiangto indicate peoples influential status is typical of Chinese culture.,14/62,thanks and compliments;,People in the west tend to verbalize their gratitude and compliments more than Chinese speakers and that the westerners tend to accept thanks and compliments more directly and frankly than we Chinese do.,-You speak excellent English.,-No,no.(emphatic.Chinese people will answer like that to show their modesty and that they do not deserve a compliment.),-Thank you.(positive.English speaking people believe that the compliment is sincere,it is not expressions of pride or impoliteness and that the praise is not unworthy achievement.),15/62,color words;,People speaking different languages divide the color spectrum in different ways.Different languages entail different color related associations.,green:associated with envy or jealousy,e.g.:green-eyes;green with envy,blue:suggesting sentimental or unhappy feelings;associated with high social position or being aristocratic,e.g.:a book with well-known names,16/62,privacy and taboos;,Although people of different culture have many common areas of privacy or taboos,there are also areas where our culture differs from Western culture.For example,the western people place a high value on privacy.It is not appropriate for us to ask questions about personal information like age,family background,salary,or questions on personal activities.Moreover,we should be careful to avoid expressions related to sexual intercourse,some organ of human body,four-letter words and racism etc.,17/62,rounding off numbers;,The way a speech community rounds off its numbers is explainable as interplay between language and culture.,American:4,Frenchman:5,It is often out of linguistic convenience that people with different cultures round off numbers differently.,e.g.:Im four and a half,years old,.,Im five,sui,.,We Chinese also use a round number followed by the measure sui in place of the English measure years old.As a result of misunderstanding about the way Chinese speakers round off their numbers,many Europeans believe“in China you are a year old when you are born.”,18/62,words and cultural-specific connotations;,The same word in different languages may be entailed with different connotations.,Generally the semantic differences between two languages may be grouped as the following:,A term in one language that does not have a counterpart in another language.,Words or terms in both languages that appear to refer to the same object or concept on the surface,but which actually refer to quite different things.,Things or concepts that are represented by one or perhaps two terms in one language,but by many more terms in the another language,that is,finer distinctions exist in the other language.,Terms that have more or less the same primary meaning,but which have considerably different secondary or additional meanings.,19/62,cultural-related idioms,proverbs and metaphors.,Idioms,proverbs and sayings and metaphors in different languages,derived from different origins,also demonstrate cultural differences.Different languages may have different idioms owing to different living environments,social conventions and literature tradition etc.,Dog:English people view dog as human beings best friend,while Chinese more often than not relate the word with狗腿子，棒打落水狗,etc.,20/62,Compare the following:,Every dog has its day.,Dog does not eat dog.,Give a dog an ill name and hang him.,Barking dogs seldom bite.,狗急跳墙、狗头军师、狗咬狗、狗腿子、狗屎堆、狗嘴吐不出象牙、狗胆包天、狗官,21/62,The significance of cultural teaching and learning,Learning a language is inseparable from learning its culture.We should not only learn the mere imitation of the pronunciation,grammar,words and idioms,but also learn the ways in which the foreign language reflects the ideas,customs,and behavior of that society.We need to learn enough about the languages culture.It is of great significance in learning a foreign or second language.Otherwise the ignorance of cultural differences can create barriers in learning the target language and in communication,thus causing some unnecessary misunderstanding and confusions sometimes.,22/62,Cultural overlap:,Cultural overlap refers to the identical part of culture between two societies owing to some similarities in the natural environment and psychology of human beings.For example,the superior tends to refer to himself or herself by means of kinship terms,such as,“Have daddy/mummy/teacher told you that?”,23/62,Cultural diffusion,Through communication,some elements of culture A enter culture B and become part of culture B,this phenomenon is known as,cultural diffusion,.,One typical example of cultural diffusion is the appearance of loan words.Prestige was an important factor for those Englishmen who wanted to advance in government and who therefore larded their speech with Norman words during the Norman conquer.Later English has also borrowed many words in history from French,Latin and Greek and other languages.It is easier for a speech community when expanding beyond its borders to borrow an existing word from the indigenous language than to coin a new one.The borrowed words usually reflect the routes of cultural imports.Those loan words preserve their own grammatical structures.,24/62,Science fro Arabs:zero,algebra,alkali,Music from Italy:opera,soprano,piano,virtuoso,The practice of observing holidays of foreign origins and accepting concepts from other cultures.,Christmas,Mothers Day,St.Valentines Day,The attitude towards cultural diffusion(esp.cultural imperialism owing to linguistic imperialism),25/62,Linguistic imperialism is a kind of linguicism which can be defined as the promulgation of global ideologies through the world-wide expansion of one language.With the monopoly of one language over others,its accompanied ideologies,structures and practices will be a potential threat to the individual cultural identity and cultural integrity.,Question is raised for further thinking:Is it necessary to adopt special language policy to protect the purity of their languages?(French has made special efforts to protect its language from being corrupted by other language especially American English.This is a kind of linguistic nationalism against the linguistic imperialism.),26/62,Intercultural communication,Intercultural or cross-cultural communication is communication between people from different cultures(their cultural perceptions and symbols systems are distinct enough to alter the communication event.)It is gaining increasing popularity.It implies a comparison between cultures.,In cross-cultural communication,we need to pay special attention to the significant differences regarding social relations and concept of universe from different perspectives such as language,food,dress,attitude towards time,work habits,social behavior and religious belief that can cause frustrations in communications and contacts.,27/62,As a newly-established discipline,intercultural communication makes multi-disciplinary study of politeness across cultures in great details.It helps to bridge the gap between both cultural and linguistic differences.As the world is becoming a“global village”,its significance in international communication in various aspects and language learning is becoming more and more self-evident.,28/62,(二)Practice:,Discuss the following underlined words or phrases:,1.Shall I compare thee to a,summer,s day?Thou art more lovely and more temperate.,2.How old are you?How much do you make?Are you,married,?,3.-Your dress is do nice!,-,Where,where.,4.That all,Greek,to me.(我对此一窍不通。),5.,If,winter comes,can spring be far behind?,6.Jack is a,fair-weather,friend.,7.John,overstay,ed his welcome.,8.During the war,he was sent on dangerous secret missions