高中英语-Module-1-Europe-Period-3-Grammar语法专题课精讲优练课型省公.pptx

,Module 1,Europe,Grammar,1/57,普通现在时和普通过去时被动语态及主谓一致,【,新知导引,】,用所给单词适当形式完成句子,1.Paris _(visit)by more than eight million tourists every year.,2.The Church of the Sagrada Familia in Barcelona _,(design)by an architect called Antonio Gaudi.,3.Many of Florences most beautiful paintings and sculptures _,_(produce)by great artists such as Leonardo da Vinci and,Michelangelo.,is visited,was designed,were,produced,2/57,4.Buildings such as the Parthenon on the Acropolis Hill _,(build)2,400 years ago.,5.The Valencia soccer team _(play)in a large stadium.,6.Coffee with sugar _(be)always my favorite drink.,7.Not only I but also David and Iris _(be)fond of playing basketball.,8.Neither you nor I,，,nor anybody else _(be)content to live in such,a lonely village.,were built,plays,is,are,is,3/57,【,知识详解,】,一、普通现在时和普通过去时被动语态,1.,组成：,普通现在时被动语态组成是：,am/is/are,done,，普通过去时被动语态组成是：,was/were,done,。,*,My computer,is repaired,every few months.,我电脑每隔几个月修理一次。,*,My computer,was repaired,by the storekeeper yesterday.,昨天我电脑被店主修理过了。,4/57,2.,主动语态变被动语态应注意：,(1),有些动词,如,feel,，,hear,，,watch,，,notice,，,make,，,have,，,let,等，在主动语态中接不带,to,不定式作宾语补足语，但在被动语态中要用带,to,不定式。,*,The teacher,made me,go out of the classroom.,I,was made,to go out of the classroom(by the teacher).,老师让我从教室里出去。,5/57,(2),动词短语，如,look after,，,take care of,等用于被动语态中时，要保留介词或副词。,*,The little patients,are looked after,quite well in hospital.,小病号们在医院里受到很好照料。,6/57,3.,以下情况不用被动语态,:,(1),有些动词或动词短语没有被动语态，如,belong to,break out,happen,take place,last,fail,cost,等。,*,The meeting only,lasted,for an hour.,会议只连续了一个小时。,7/57,(2),有些动词用主动形式表示被动意义以说明主语性质，如,clean,sell,look,lock,open,write,read,wash,feel,等，此时多与副词,easily/poorly/well,等连用。,*,This kind of cloth,washes,easily.,这种布很轻易洗。,8/57,(3),表示感官连系动词，如,look,smell,taste,feel,，,sound,等，不用被动语态，后常跟形容词作表语，表示主语特征。,*,What he said at the meeting,sounded,encouraging.,他在会上说话听起来令人备受鼓舞。,9/57,【,名师点津,】,动词,need,，,require,，,want,，,deserve,等后跟,-ing,形式，表示被动意义。此时,-ing,形式相当于,to be done,。,*,The door,needs repairing,.,The door,needs to be repaired,.,这扇门需要修理。,10/57,【,思维延伸,】,在时间状语从句和条件状语从句中，用普通现在时被动语态表示普通未来时被动语态,(,例,),；用普通过去时被动语态表示过去未来时被动语态,(,例,),。,Listen to your friends problems and give advice when you,are asked,.,He told me he wouldnt attend your birthday party unless he,was invited,.,11/57,【,即学活用,】,1.,同义句转换，每空一词,The teacher gave us some advice on how to improve our oral,English.,Some advice on how to improve our oral English _ _ to us,by the teacher.,Mom bought me an MP4 player last weekend.,An MP4 player _ _ _ me by Mom last weekend.,The boss made the little boy do heavy work.,The little boy _ _ _ do heavy work by the boss.,was,given,was,bought,for,was,made,to,12/57,2.,用所给词适当形式填空,The door wont _(close),，,thats to say,，,the door needs,_(repair).,A fire _(break)out in the factory.More than 20 firefighters,_(send)there to put out the fire.Unfortunately,，,one of the,firefighters _(kill)by the fallen wall.,close,repairing/to be repaired,broke,were sent,was killed,13/57,二、主谓一致,在英语句子里，谓语动词必须和主语在人称和数上保持一致，这就叫主谓一致。主谓一致大致可归纳为三个标准，即语法一致、意义一致和就近一致标准。,14/57,1.,语法一致标准。,语法一致就是谓语动词和主语在单、复数形式上保持一致。,(1),以单数名词或代词、动词不定式短语、动名词短语或从句作主语时，谓语动词普通用单数形式。,*,Walking on the moon,is,very difficult.,在月球上行走是十分困难。,15/57,*What the boy wanted,were,some books.,这个男孩想要是几本书。,(,此句依据,some books,可知,What the boy wanted,是复数，所以谓语要用复数,),(2),由连接词,and,或,both.and.,连接起来合成主语后面，普通要用复数形式谓语动词。,*,To say something and to do it,are,quite different things.,说和做是完全不一样事情。,16/57,(3),当主语后面跟有,with,along with,together with,as well as,including,but,in addition to,等词组成短语时，谓语动词与前面主语部分一致。,*,Tom,，,together with Mary and Alice,，,is,going to swim this afternoon.,汤姆今天下午要和玛丽及艾丽斯去游泳。,*,No one but your parents,was,there then.,那时，除了你父母，没有他人在那里。,17/57,(4)either,，,neither,，,each,，,every,或,no+,单数名词和由,some,，,any,，,no,，,every,组成复合不定代词作主语时，谓语动词都用单数。,*,Neither,of us,has,gone through regular training.,我们两个都没受过正规训练。,*,Nobody wants,to go there,do they?,没有些人想去那里，是吧？,18/57,【,名师点津,】,(1),在口语中，当,either,或,neither,后跟有“,of+,复数名词,(,或代词,)”,作主语时，其谓语动词用单、复数都能够。,(2),若,neither of,后面名词是不可数名词，它谓语动词要用单数。,*,Either of you two,has/have,done very well.,你们两个做得都很好。,*,Neither of his two plans,seems/seem,to have worked well.,他两套计划效果似乎都不太好。,19/57,2.,意义一致标准。,意义一致就是谓语动词数必须和主语意义一致。,(1),集体名词作主语时，谓语动词数要依据主语意义来决定。谓语动词用复数形式时强调这个集体中各个组员，用单数时强调该集体。这些词有,family,，,class,，,crowd,，,committee,，,population,，,audience,，,government,，,group,，,team,等。,20/57,*The football team,is,being rebuilt.,足球队正在重建。,*,The football team,are,having baths and then they are coming here for tea.,足球队员们正在洗澡，然后他们会到这里品茗。,21/57,【,名师点津,】,集合名词,people,，,police,，,cattle,等作主语时，谓语动词用复数形式。,*,The police,are,looking into the accident.,警方正在调查这起事故。,sheep,means,等名词作主语时，要依据详细情况来确定谓语动词数。,*,Every means has been tried.,一切方法都试过了。,*,Lots of means have been worked out.,许多方法都想了出来。,22/57,trousers,，,glasses,，,clothes,，,shoes,等词作主语时，谓语动词用复数，但假如这些词前有,a(the)pair of,等量词修饰时，谓语动词用单数。,*,My glasses,are,broken.,我眼镜坏了。,*,The pair of shoes under the bed,is,his.,床下那双鞋是他。,23/57,(2),当主语是“,most/some/half/the rest/,分数,/,百分数,+of+,名词”时，假如,of,后面名词表示单数概念或为不可数名词，则谓语动词用单数形式；假如,of,后面名词表示复数概念，则谓语动词用复数形式。,*,The rest of the apples,are,red.,剩下苹果是红色。,*,Two-thirds of the meat,has,been eaten.,三分之二肉被吃掉了。,24/57,(3),表示金钱、时间、距离、长度、体积、面积、重量、价格或度量衡复合名词作主语时，通常把这些名词看作一个整体，谓语动词普通用单数。,*,Eight hours of sleep,is,enough.,八小时睡眠足够了。,*,Ten dollars,is,too cheap for this pair of shoes.,这双鞋,10,美元太廉价了。,25/57,(4)many a,或,more than one,所修饰短语作主语时，谓语动词多用单数形式。,*,Many a person,has,that kind of opportunity.,很多人都有那种机遇。,*,More than one man,has,been dismissed.,不止一人被辞退了。,26/57,(5)“,定冠词,the+,形容词或分词”，表示某一类人时，谓语动词用复数；表示某一类事物时，谓语动词惯用单数。,*,The injured,have,been taken to hospital.,伤员已被送往医院。,27/57,(6),由“,a lot of,，,lots of,，,plenty of,，,the majority of,，,half of,a large/small quantity of+,名词”组成短语以及由“分数或百分数,+,名词”组成短语作主语时，其谓语动词数经常要依据短语中后面名词数而定。,*,A large quantity of water,is,needed.,需要大量水。,*,Plenty of time,was,spent on English while I was at middle school.,我上中课时在英语上花费了大量时间。,28/57,【,名师点津,】,“large/small quantities of+,名词”作主语时，谓语动词惯用复数形式。,*,Large quantities of water,have been,polluted.,大量水已经被污染了。,29/57,(7),两个或两个以上并列名词或代词由,and,连接时，假如表示不一样概念，谓语动词用复数形式；假如表示同一概念，谓语动词用单数形式。,*,Wu Dong and Wu Xi,are,twin brothers.,吴东和吴西是孪生弟兄。,*,The singer and dancer,comes,from Shanghai.,那位歌舞演员来自上海。,30/57,【,名师点津,】,由,and,连接并列单数主语前假如分别有,no,，,each,，,every,，,more than one,，,many a(n),修饰时，其谓语动词要用单数形式。,*,Each,boy,and each,girl,has,got a dictionary.,每个男孩和女孩都有一本词典。,*,Many a,boy,and many,a,girl,likes,to become architects.,许多男孩和许多女孩都喜欢长大后成为建筑师。,31/57,(8),在定语从句中，关系代词,that,，,who,，,which,等作主语时，其谓语动词数应与句中先行词数一致。,“,one of+,复数名词”后定语从句，谓语动词用复数形式；而“,the(only)one of+,复数名词”后定语从句，谓语动词用单数。,*,These are the books which,were,bought yesterday for me as my birthday presents by my parents.,这些就是昨天我父母买给我看成生日礼品书籍。,32/57,*He is,one of the students,who,have,been to Shanghai.,他是那些去过上海学生中一个。,*,He is the only one of the students who,has,been to Shanghai.,他是那些学生中唯一一个去过上海。,33/57,(9),表数量短语“,one and a half”,后接复数名词作主语时，谓语动词用单数。,*,One and a half hours,is,enough for me to finish the work.,对我来说，一个半小时完成这项工作就足够了。,34/57,(10)none,作主语时，谓语动词既可用单数形式也可用复数形式；,all,单独作主语表示人时，谓语动词用复数形式；表示事物时，谓语动词普通用单数形式。,*,None of us,has/have,been to Beijing.,我们谁都没去过北京。,*,All,are,eager to reach an agreement.,大家都急于达成一项协议。,*,All,is,well that ends well.,结果好，一切都好。,35/57,3.,就近一致标准。,就近一致就是谓语动词在人称和数上与最近主语保持一致。,(1),由,or,either.or.,neither.nor.,或,not only.but also.,等连接并列主语，通常使用就近一致标准。这一标准也适合用于疑问句。,*,Either you or I,am,to blame for the mistakes.,或者是你，或者是我要为这些错误受到责备。,*,Are,you or he good at English?,是你还是他擅长英语？,36/57,(2)there,here,引导句子，其主语是一系列事物时，使用就近一致标准。,*,There,is,a pen,two books and many pencils on the desk.,桌上有一支钢笔，两本书和许多铅笔。,*,Look out!Here,comes,a car and some bikes towards us!,当心！一辆汽车和一些自行车冲着我们过来了！,37/57,【,即学活用,】,用所给词适当形式完成句子。,A singer and dancer _(invite)to perform at our school yesterday.,All the students but Xiao Wang _(be)going to Beijing tomorrow.,Every boy and every girl _(ask)to obey the rules.,Some money as well as some books _(give)to the children,in the disaster-hit areas last month.,The whole class _(be)doing experiment when I went into the,lab.,was invited,are,is asked,was given,were,38/57,【,典题研习,】,1.(,纲领版全国卷,)Unless some extra money_,the theatre will close.(find),39/57,【,思绪演示,】,分析句式：该句为复合句。,unless,引发条件状语从句，表示“除非，假如不”；主句使用是普通未来时。,理清句意,:,除非找到另外投资，不然这个电影院就会关闭。,抓取关键：主句使用普通未来时时候，在条件状语从句中应该使用普通现在时表示未来；条件状语从句中动词,find,和,money,是动宾关系，应该使用被动语态。,断定答案：,is found,。,40/57,2.(,湖南高考,)All we need_ a small piece of land where we can plant various kinds of fruit trees throughout the growing seasons of the year.(be),41/57,【,思绪演示,】,分析句式：该句为复合句。代词,all,是主句主语，,we need,是定语从句，修饰先行词,all,；,a small piece of land,在句中作表语，,where we can plant various kinds of fruit trees throughout the growing seasons of the year,是定语从句，修饰先行词,land,。,理清句意,:,我们需要是一小块土地，在一年中生长季节里，我们能够在那里种植各种果树。,42/57,抓取关键,:,代词,all,作主语表示人时，谓语动词使用复数形式；代词,all,表示事物时，谓语使用单数形式。另外依据表语,a small piece of land,也能够知道，谓语动词应该使用单数形式，同时句中也没有出现过去时时间状语。,断定答案：,is,。,43/57,【,即学活用,】,用所给动词适当形式填空。,1.(,福建高考,)To my delight,I,(choose)from hundreds of applicants to attend the opening ceremony.,【,解析,】,was chosen,。句意,:,令我高兴是,我从几百名申请者中被选出来去出席开幕式。依据,To my delight,可知,题干中所描述事必定是发生了,故用普通过去时。又因为主语“,I”,与动词,choose,之间有逻辑上动宾关系,故用普通过去时被动形式。,44/57,2.(,北京高考,)Did you enjoy the party?,Yes.We,(treat)well by our hosts.,【,解析,】,were treated,。句意,:,你喜欢那个聚会吗,?,是,我们受到了主人很好招待。依据问句中,did,可知空处应用过去时,且,we,和,treat,之间是动宾关系,故用普通过去时被动语态。,45/57,3.(,湖南高考,)It is important to remember that success,(be)a sum of small efforts made each day and,often,(take)years to achieve.,【,解析,】,is;takes,。句意,:,主要是,(,我们,),必须铭记成功是由天天点点滴滴努力而且要花很多年才能取得。分析句子结构可知宾语从句主语是,success,and,连接两个并列谓语,都要用单数形式。,46/57,4.(,湖南高考,)The university estimates that living expenses,for international students_ around$8,450 a year,which_ a burden for some of them.(be),【,解析,】,are;is,。句意,:,这所大学预计国际生生活开销每年大约是,8 450,美元,这对其中一些学生来说是一大负担。,living expenses“,生活开销”为复数名词,故谓语动词用复数,;,非限制性定语从句关系代词,which,先行词是,$8,450,为金钱数量,作为一个整体时谓语动词用单数。,47/57,【,真题备选,】,1.(,福建高考,)The famous musician,as well as his students,_ to perform at the opening ceremony of the Taipei Flower Expo.(invite),【,解析,】,was invited,。句意,:,这位著名音乐家及其学生应邀在,年台北花博会开幕式上演出。,as well as,连接两个并列名词作主语时,谓语动词应和,as well as,前面名词一致,故用单数谓语动词,;,本题只是陈说在过去时间发生事,故用普通过去时。,48/57,2.(,湖南高考,)If nothing_,the oceans will turn into fish deserts.(do),【,解析,】,is done,。句意,:,要是什么都不做,海洋将变成鱼沙漠。,if,引导条件状语从句,从句中用普通现在时代替未来时态,;nothing,与,do,之间是被动关系。,49/57,3.(,陕西高考,)The basketball coach,as well as his team,interviewed shortly after the match for their outstanding,performance.(be),【,解析,】,was,。句意,:,比赛后很快,那位篮球教练和他队员们因为他们出众表现而受到了采访。主语后接,as well as,短语作插入语时,谓语动词形式不受其影响。这里主语,The basketball coach,是单数,所以谓语动词应该用单数。再依据句意可知事情已经发生,所以用过去时。,50/57,4.(,湖南高考,)One-third of the country_ covered with trees and the majority of the citizens_ black people.(be),【,解析,】,is;are,。考查主谓一致。句意,:,这个国家有三分之一面积被森林覆盖,而且大多数公民是黑人。“分数,+of+,名,(,代,),词”作主语,谓语动词单复数取决于该名,(,代,),词单复数,所以第一空用,is;majority,意为“大多数”,作主语时谓语动词取决于,of,后,citizens,故谓语动词用复数,所以第二个空用,are,。,51/57,5.(,上海高考,)After getting lost in a storm,a member of the navy team_ four days later.(rescue),【,解析,】,was rescued,。考查时态和语态。句意,:,一名海军组员在暴风雨中失踪四天后被救起。由句中时间状语,four days later,可知句子要用普通过去时,又因为,a member of the navy team,与,rescue,之间是被动关系,要用被动语态形式。,52/57,6.(,四川高考,)All visitors to this village,with kindness.(treat),【,解析,】,are treated,。句意,:,全部到这个村庄游客都受到善意款待。由句意可知应用普通现在时陈说现在情况,且游客与,treat,之间是被动关系,要用被动语态。,53/57,7.(,安徽高考,)The factory used 65 percent of the raw materials,the rest of which,saved for other purposes.(be),【,解析,】,were,。句意,:,该工厂使用了,65%,原材料,其余用作其它用途。非限制性定语从句中主语,the rest,意为“其余”,谓语动词应与,of,后名词一致,而,which,指代先行词,the raw materials,故谓语用复数,;,定语从句中谓语动词应与主句中谓语动词,used,一致,故用过去时态。,54/57,8.(,北京高考,)Have you heard about that fire in the market?,Yes,fortunately no one,.(hurt),【,解析,】,was hurt,。句意,:,你听说市场上那场火灾了吗,?,是,幸运是,没有些人受伤。谓语动词,hurt,和主语,no one,之间是动宾关系,应用被动语态,;,此处讲述是发生在过去事情,应用普通过去时。,55/57,9.(,天津高考,)The letters for the boss,on his desk but he didnt read them until three days later.(put),【,解析,】,were put,。句意,:,写给老板那些信件放在他桌子上了,但直到三天之后他才看。依据句意可知题干叙述是过去事情,而且主语,the letters,与,put,之间存在动宾关系,所以要用普通过去时被动语态。,56/57,57/57,