大学英语语法并列与从属.pptx

单击此处编辑母版标题样式,单击此处编辑母版文本样式,第二级,第三级,第四级,第五级,2021/10/3,#,并列与隶属是两种不一样连接伎俩。从语义,上看，两个分句所表示意义，在说话人看,来，假如含有同等主要性，就能够把它们,并列起来，连成一个并列句。而隶属是语义,上分清主次伎俩，是把次要思想内容置,于结构上隶属地位，从而突出句子主要,思想。如：,We are prepared to make certain concessions.,We find it hard to put up with the loss.,next,并列与隶属,1/33,并列,next,We are prepared to make certain concessions but,we find it hard to put up with the loss.,语义重心在后半句,隶属,Although/Though/Even though/While we are prepared to make certain concessions,we find it hard to put up with the loss.,Although/Though/Even though/While we find it hard to put up with the loss,we are prepared to make certain concessions.,语义重心在主句,2/33,惯用并列连词有：,and,or,but,nor,so,yet,both and，either or,not but,not only but also,notnor,neither nor,as well as,as much as,rather than,more than,for（因为）,while（而）,whereas 等。,(见教材P342-343),next,3/33,限定隶属分句：,从句相当于名词、形容词、副词。,1）从句当名词用名词性从句，可作主语，宾语，主语补语，介词补足成份和同位语。,I just cant understand why Lady Gaga is so popular.,4/33,2)从句当形容词用，做定语形容词性分句，即关系分句，定语从句,It is the pig (which/that)Tina raises.,next,5/33,3),从句当副词用，做状语副词性分句，即状语从句,When she was still a,baby,she liked taking,photos.,next,6/33,next,1.Youll find it where it was.,2.Tell me the place where he lives.,3.I dont know where he came from.,4.Where he has gone is not known yet.,5.This is where they once lived.,(地点状语从句),(定语从句),(宾语从句),(主语从句),(表语从句),7/33,next,隶属连词，连接代词，连接副词，,关系代词，关系副词,隶属连词:用来引导状语从句和名词性从句(引导名词性从句只有that,whether，在句中不作成份）。,连接代词、连接副词：引导名词性从句,关系代词、关系副词：引导定语从句,8/33,This is the book which I like most.,I have no idea which wine is best.,I have no idea what wine is best.,I dont know which wine is best.,I believe that he will succeed.,He is not the person _ he used to be.,He is not _ he used to be.,next,范围小，同位语从句,范围大，同位语从句,宾语从句,that不充当成份，无意义,that,what,在定语从句中,在名词性从句中,which,宾语、主语,定语（范围小）,what,不用what,定语（范围大）,主语、宾语、表语,that,主语、宾语、表语,不充当成份，无意义,9/33,1：In some countries,is called“equality”does not really mean equal rights for all people.(CET-4,1995年6月),A)which B)one C)that D)what,2：,is the center of our planetary system was a difficult concept to grasp in the Middle Ages.(CET-6，1993年6月),A)It is the sun and not the earth,B)Being the sun and not the earth,C)The sun and not the earth,D)That the sun and not the earth,next,主语从句,D,D,10/33,1：The reason why he hasnt come is _.,A)because his mother is ill,B)because of his mothers being ill,C)that his mother is ill,D)for his mother is ill,next,表语从句,C,11/33,1：The mere fact,most people believe nuclear wars would be madness doesnt mean that it will not occur.(CET-4，1997年6月),A)what B)which C)that D)why,next,同位语从句,C,12/33,1：By success I dont mean,usually thought of when that word is used.(CET-4，1996年6月),A)what is B)that we,C)as you D)all is,2：This book will show the readers,can be used in other contexts.(CET-6，1996年1月),A)how that they have observed,B)that how they have observed,C)how what they have observed,D)that they have observed,next,宾语从句,A,C,13/33,1：Scientists say it may be five or ten years,it is possible to test this medicine on human patients.(CET-4，1995年6月),A)since B)when C)after D)before,2：I felt somewhat disappointed and was about to leave,something occurred which attracted my attention.(CET-4，1996年1月),A)unless B)until C)when D)while,3：Stormy applause broke forth,she appeared on the stage.,A)the moment B)a moment,C)at the moment D)in a moment,next,状语从句,D,C,A,the moment,the minute,the instant,the second,immediately,instantly,directly,Immediately you begin to talk,he gives you his full attention.,14/33,由关系代词引导定语从句:,1：It wasnt such a good dinner,she had promised us.(CET-4，1990年1月),A)that B)which C)as D)what,2：The British are not so familiar with different cultures and other ways of doing things,is often the case in other countries.(CET-4，1998年6月),A)as B)what C)so D)that,next,定语从句,C,A,15/33,由关系代词引导定语从句:,3:There is no rule,has exceptions.,A)which B)that C)but D)unless,next,定语从句,C,比较以下句子中but使用方法是否相同。,1.There was no one but knows that.,2.There are very few but admire his talents.,3.No task is so difficult but we can accomplish it.,4.Nothing is so hard but it becomes easy by practice.,1、2句中that是关系代词，相当于that not 或whonot；3、4句中是连词，相当于but that,16/33,由关系副词引导定语从句:,1：You are just the same as you were the day,I first met you.(考研,1982年),A)that B)which C)when D)how,2：Ive never been to Beijing,but its the place,.(CET-4，1999年6月),A)where Id like to visit,B)I most want to visit,C)in which Id like to visit,D)what I want to visit most,next,定语从句,C,B,17/33,限制性定语从句与非限制性定语从句比较,限制性定语从句紧跟先行词，同先行词之间普通不加逗号，仅修饰先行词，能够由关系代词、关系副词来引导。非限制性定语从句（教材P.380）仅作补充或说明，用逗号与主句隔开，既可修饰先行词，又可修饰整个主句，不可用that引导。,My daughter,who studies in the U.S.,rang me yesterday.,My daughter who studies in the U.S.rang me yesterday.,18/33,（一）在定语从句中只用,that,情况,1 先行词为不定代词all,much,anything,something,nothing,everything,little,none等时,IsthereanythingthatIcandoforyou?,2 先行词被形容词最高级、序数词或all，any，much，few，some,little,no,every，the only,the very等修饰时Allthepeoplethatarepresentburstintotears.,3 先行词为既指人又指物两个或两个以上名词时Theboyandthedogthatareinthepicture,areverylovely.,next,Which与that在定语从句中区分,19/33,4 关系代词在限制性定语从句中做表语时,He is not the man that he was ten years ago.,5 主句是以who 或 which 引导特殊疑问句时,Who is the man that is standing there?,(二)不用 that情况,1 在非限制性定语从句中,2 在介词之后,next,Which与that在定语从句中区分,20/33,1 _ you dont like him is none of my business.,A What B Who C That D/,_is a pity that you missed his speech.,A That B This C What D It,_was known to us all that Tom had broken his promise _he would give them a rise.,A As,which B What，that,C It，that D It，which,next,C,C,D,21/33,Nobody believed his reason for being late,_ his car broken down on the way.,A that B why C which D because,_ all the invention have in common is _ they have succeeded.,A What what B That that,C What that D That what,6 She is no longer the person _she used to be.,A that B which C what D who,next,A,C,A,22/33,next,长难句分析,1This trend began during the Second World War,when several governments came to the conclusion that the specific demands that a government wants to make of its scientific establishment cannot generally be foreseen in detail.,这种趋势始于第二次世界大战期间，当初一些,国家政府下了结论，认为：政府向科研机构,提出详细要求通常是无法详尽预见。,23/33,next,长难句分析,2.What we should like to know is whether life originated as the result of some amazing accident or succession of coincidences,or whether it is the normal event for inanimate matter to produce life in due course,when the physical environment is suitable.,我们想知道是生命终究是起源于某个惊人事件，或是一系列巧合呢?还是当自然环境适合，无生命物质经过相当一段时间就自然而然地产生了生命呢?,24/33,next,长难句分析,3.While warnings are often appropriate and necessary-the dangers of drug interactions,for example-and many are required by state or federal regulations,it isnt clear that they actually protect the manufacturers and sellers from liability if a customer is injured.,即使警示语通常是合理和必要，如相关药品产生相互作用从而产生危险警示语，而且许多警示语是州和联邦法律要求。不过，假如消费者受到伤害，这些警示语能否使产销商免于责任还极难说。,25/33,next,长难句分析,4Declaring that he was opposed to using this unusual animal husbandry technique to clone humans,he ordered that federal funds not be used for such an experiment-although no one had proposed to do so-and asked an independent panel of experts chaired by Princeton President Harold Shapiro to report back to the White House in 90 days with recommendations for a national policy on human cloning.,他宣称他反对利用这种不一样寻常畜牧业技术去克隆人，并下令禁止使用联邦基金做这种试验，-尽管还没有些人提出要这么做-他提议成立一个由普林斯顿大学校长哈法罗夏皮罗领导独立教授小组，在90天内就克隆人国家政策问题提出提议并向白宫汇报。,26/33,next,长难句分析,5.One argument used to support the idea that employment will continue to be the dominant form of work,and that employment will eventually become available for all who want it,is that working time will continue to fall.,一个观点认为工作时间将会连续下降。该观点用于支持以下看法，即就业将继续是主要工作方式；就业机会将最终提供给全部想就业人。,27/33,next,长难句分析,6Although it ruled that there is no constitutional right to physician-assisted suicide,the Court in effect supported the medical principle of“double effect,”a centuries-old moral principle holding that an action having two effects-a good one that is intended and a harmful one that is foreseen-is permissible if the actor intends only the good effect.,尽管最高法院认为，宪法并没有赋予医生帮助病人安乐死权利，不过实践中最高法院支持“双重效果”医疗标准。这个几个世纪以来医疗道德标准认为，假如一个行为含有双重效果-现有医治良好效果又有能够预见有害效果-为了达成良好效果，应该允许这一行为实施。,28/33,next,3题,1.whoever/whomever,They always give the vacant seats to _ comes first.,Give it to _ you like.,2.who/whoever,_ leaves the room last ought to turn off the light.,_ will give us a talk is unknown to us all.,3.whoever/no matter who,_ told you that was lying.,Come out of there,_ you are.,连接代词、连接副词：引导名词性从句,关系代词、关系副词：引导定语从句,.,whoever,whomever,/whoever,Whoever,Who,Whoever,whoever/no matter who,29/33,next,8题,1.We are trying to reach a point _ both sides will sit down together and talk.,A.which B.that C.where D.when,2.-Do you have anything to say for yourself?,-Yes,theres one point _ we must insist on.,A.why B.where C.how D./,3.Today,well discuss a number of cases _ beginners of English fail to use the language properly.,A.which B.As C.why D.where,C,D,D,30/33,next,8题,4.Those successful deaf dancers think that dancing is an activity _ sight matters more than hearing.,A.when B.whose C.which D.where,5.I work in a business _ almost everyone is waiting for a great chance.,A.how B.which C.where D.that,6.English is a“fixed-word-order”language _ each phrase has a fixed position.,D,C,where,31/33,next,31题,She managed to save all the little money(that)she could(save)out of her wages to help her brother.,1.Ill give you all the books I have.,Ill give you,what,books I have.,凡是,事物,2.I spent what little time I had with my family.,3.He saves what he earns.,4.Our income is now double what it was ten years ago.,5.This is what they call Salt Lake City.,(the amount that),(the money that),(the place that),32/33,next,52题,倍数表示法：,1.three times as long as,2.three times longer than,3.three times the length of,33/33,