Lecture-13-Public-transport-facility-and-Parking-f.ppt

单击此处编辑母版标题样式,单击此处编辑母版文本样式,第二级,第三级,第四级,第五级,*,General,Public transport(,also public transportation or public transit,)is a shared passenger transportation service which is available for use by the general public.,Public,transport modes,include,buses,trolleybuses,trams,and,trains,rapid transit,(metro/subways/undergrounds etc)and,ferries,.,Intercity,public transport is dominated by,airlines,coaches,and,intercity rail,.,High-speed rail,networks are being developed in many parts of the world.,Share taxi,offers on-demand services in many parts of the world and some services will wait until the vehicle is full before it starts.,Paratransit,is sometimes used in areas of low-demand and for people who need a door-to-door service.,History,The,omnibus,the first organized public transit system within a city,appears to have originated in,Paris,France,in 1662.,The omnibus was introduced to,London,in July 1829.,The first passenger,horse-drawn railway,was opened in 1806 between,Swansea,and,Mumbles,.,In 1825,George Stephenson,built the,Locomotion,for the,Stockton and Darlington Railway,north east England,which was the first public steam railway in the world.,Early trolley car in,Newton,Massachusetts,.,Need for public transport,Provides alternative mode for travel,Reduces traffic congestion,improves mobility/saves system-wide travel time,Helps lead the Nation towards its goals and policies of protecting the environment,conserving energy,and providing for the health,safety and security of its citizens,Enhances economic opportunities by creating vibrant communities,revitalizing business districts and activity centers,Mode,Trains,Passenger rail transport,is the conveyance of passengers by means of wheeled vehicles specially designed to run on railways.,Trains,allow high capacity on short or long distance,but require,track,signalling,infrastructure and,stations,to be built and maintained.,Urban rail transit,consists of,trams,light rail,rapid transit,people movers,commuter rail,monorail,suspension railways,and,funiculars,.,Commuter,intercity,and high-speed rail,Commuter rail,is part of an urban areas public transport;it provides faster services to outer suburbs and neighboring towns and villages.Trains stop at all,stations,that are located to serve a smaller suburban or town center.,Mode,Trams and light rail,Trams are rail vehicles that run in city streets or dedicated tracks.They have higher capacity than buses,but must follow dedicated infrastructure with rails and wires either above or below the track,limiting their flexibility.,Light rail,is a modern development(and use)of the,tram,with dedicated right-of-way not shared with other traffic,step-free access and increased speed.Light rail lines are,thus,essentially modernized,interurbans,.,Rapid transit,A rapid transit railway system(also called a metro,underground,or subway)operates in an,urban area,with high capacity and frequency,and,grade separation,from other traffic.,Mode,Personal rapid transit,Personal rapid transit,is an automated cab service that runs on rails or a,guideway,.This is an uncommon mode of transportation(excluding,elevators,)due to the complexity of automation.,Cable Propelled Transit,Cable-Propelled Transit(CPT)is a transit technology that moves people in motor-less,engine-less vehicles that are propelled by a steel cable.,Ferry,A,ferry,is a,boat,or,ship,used to carry(or,ferry,)passengers,and sometimes their vehicles,across a body of water.,Urban public transport facility,Bus only lanes,A bus lane or bus only lane is a,lane,restricted to,buses,and generally used to speed up,public transport,that would be otherwise held up by traffic congestion.,Bus lanes give priority to buses and cut down on journey times where roads are congested with other traffic.,According to the,American Public Transportation Association,(APTA)and the National Transit Database(NTD),the worlds first designated bus lane was created in Chicago in 1939.,The first bus lanes in Europe were established in 1962 in the,German,city of,Hamburg,.,On January 15,1964 the first bus lane in France was designated along the quai du Louvre in,Paris,.,On 26 February 1968 the first bus lane in,London,was put into service on,Vauxhall Bridge,.,Bus only lanes,The installation of bus lanes requires additional space to either be constructed(increasing the impact of the road on the surrounding area,and possibly requiring private land)or taken from existing lanes,reducing the capacity of the road for private vehicles.,Bus lane on,Broadway(New York City),Bus only lanes,A bus lane on,Gloucester Road,in,Hong Kong,with the words bus lane painted in,English,and 巴士綫 in,Chinese,BRT,BRT is a term applied to a variety of,public transportation,systems using,buses,to provide faster,more efficient service than an ordinary bus line.,The goal of these systems is to approach the service quality of,rail transit,while still enjoying the cost savings and flexibility of bus transit.,BRT systems come in a variety of forms,such as dedicated,busways,with their own rights-of-way(e.g.,the,Ottawa,Transitway,or the,Pittsburgh,MLK East Busway,),bus services using,HOV,lanes,dedicated,freeway,lanes,(e.g.,Honolulu,s CityExpress)and,limited-stop,buses on pre-existing routes.,BRT attempts to combine the advantages of a rail system(noticeably right-of-way,which improves punctuality and frequency)with the advantages of a bus system(low construction and maintenance costs,low vehicle costs,right-of-way not required for entire length,and for the ability of feeder bus services to join a trunk busway).,BRT,Brt System in,Delhi,BRT System in,Delhi,TransMilenio,BRT system in,Bogot,Colombia,holds a record 40,000 passengers per hour.,BRT,Lane-,Many BRT systems,such as Ottawas,OC,Transpo,and Brisbanes,South-East,Busway,are based on multiple bus routes sharing a common dedicated,busway,to bypass congestion,especially to/from a,central business district,.In this form,the BRT systems passenger capacity is limited by vehicle capacity multiplied by vehicle headway of the,busway,.,Cost-,The capital costs of implementing BRT lines in general is more cost-effective than constructing LRT lines.A study by the United States,Government Accountability Office,found that the average capital cost per mile for,busways,was$13.5 million while light rail average costs were$34.8 million.,Costs vary considerably due to factors such as cost of the roadway,station structures,park-and-ride facilities,traffic signal systems and vehicles.,BRT,Environmental impact-,The typical diesel engine on the bus causes noticeable levels of,air pollution,noise,and vibration.With,hybrid vehicles,and the new forms of,trolleybus,BRT designers hope to increase ride quality and decrease pollution.As the energy use for acceleration is proportional to the vehicle mass,electric traction allows lighter vehicles,faster acceleration and energy that can be fed back into,batteries,or the grid through,regenerative brakes,.,Urban public transport facility,Common bus,BRT,Taxi,设计准则,设计原则,公共交通专用通道,公共交通停靠站,公共交通首末站、保养厂、修理厂,设计原则,1.公共交通专用车道,2.公共交通停靠站,1,2,公共交通首末站、保养厂、修理厂,JInan,公交专用道建设步伐加快，BRT专用道建设取得突破性发展。常规公交专用长度增加约13 公里，BRT专用道总长度达35.94公里，公交运营平均速度由约10公里/小时提高到平均15-17公里/小时，快速公交最快线路平均运行速度达22.5公里/小时。,公交线网覆盖面进一步扩大。至2009年底，济南市公交总公司共拥有各类公交线路188条，线路全长3354.2公里，网长达到1039公里，快速公交线网长度73 公里。BRT-1至6号线相继开通试运行，初步形成“三横三纵”网络，BRT日客运量超过20万人次，济南市成为全国首座形成BRT网络的城市，BRT系统建设荣获山东省人居环境奖。济南市公共交通逐步形成以BRT为骨干，常规普通线路为主体，大站快速线、小区线、郊区线路为补充的线网架构。2009年济南城市公交日均客运量达到220万余人次,全年完成客运量8.04亿人次，较2005年增长约41.5，公共交通在日常出行中发挥了日益重要的作用。,Parking lot,Parking lot,(,Commonwealth English,:,car park,),also known as,car lot,is a cleared area that is more or less level and is intended for,parking,vehicles.Usually,the term refers to a dedicated area that has been provided with a durable or semi-durable surface.,The usual parking lot is paved with,asphalt,.Some are paved with,concrete,.Many are,gravel,lots.A few of the newer lots are surfaced with,permeable paving,materials.,Parking lots have their own special type of,engineering,.While parking lots have traditionally been an overlooked element of development projects by governmental oversight,the recent trend has been to provide regulations for the configuration and spacing of parking lots,their,landscaping,and,drainage,and,pollution abatement,issues.,The arrangement of the parking spaces relative to the driving lanes can feature perpendicular parking spaces,angle parking,(most common in North America,especially in large lots),or,parallel parking,(least common in parking lots,and usually only for a few spaces),or possibly some combination of these.,q,Diagram of example,parking lot layout with angle parking,as seen from above.White arrows show direction of allowed travel in each lane,1,Parking lot in,Manhattan,United States,with capacity increased thorugh multiple level stacked parking using mechanical lifts,Environmental considerations,Parking lots tend to be sources of,water pollution,because of their extensive,impervious surfaces,.Virtually all of the,rain,(minus evaporation)that falls becomes,urban runoff,.To avoid flooding and unsafe driving conditions,the lots are built to effectively channel and collect runoff.Parking lots,along with roads,are often the principal source of water pollution in urban areas.,Traditionally,the runoff has been shunted directly into,storm sewers,streams,dry wells,or even,sanitary sewers,.However,most larger municipalities now require construction of,stormwater,management facilities for new lots.,An alternative solution today is to use,permeable paving,surfaces,such as,brick,pervious concrete,stone,special paving blocks,or,tire,-tread woven mats.These materials allow rain to soak into the ground through the spaces inherent in the parking lot surface.,Some parking lots have,charging stations,for battery vehicles.Some regions with especially cold winters provide electricity at most parking spots for engine,block heaters,as,antifreeze,may be inadequate to prevent freezing.,Parking lot,1,