英语四级作文高分要诀.doc

作文高分要诀
1．写作高分要诀
1.1卷面要整洁
1.2字数要达标
作文字数的要求一般在150词左右，作文字数若少于130词，该篇作文即使写得不错也很难得高分。但这也并不是说写得越长越好，因为：
(1) 议论文要求结构严谨、用词正式、语言简练，考生很难在有限的时间内既要注意以上方面又要语言表达清楚。
(2) 在篇幅有限的情况下，考生如果开始时“洋洋洒洒”，不免会在结尾时“虎头蛇尾”，文章的质量就会大打折扣。
(3) 阅卷教师在阅读时既要“保质”又要“保量”，如果考生的作文篇幅大大超过所规定字数，不免会出现前两种情况，与此同时影响了阅卷教师的阅卷速度；也波及了阅卷教师的情绪，考试“结果”可想而知。
1.3文体要统一
正式文体的文章不宜用非正式的语句。常发现有的考生在一篇很正式的议论文中用以下的句子结束本文：OK, this is what I want to say. That’s my opinion. Do you agree with me? That’s all, thank you. 等等，使得文章“不伦不类”。
1.4主题要突出
标题如果是 “Pollution from Cars” 或 “Air Pollution”, 以下段落的阐述显得有些赘述：
“Part of this problem is the world’s exploding population. A growing population undoubtedly means more factories polluting the air. Besides, land and water pollution has also increased. Pollution is, in fact, threatening our health, our happiness, and our civilization.” 尤其是“Besides, land and water pollution has also increased”一句，还有点“跑题”。
1.5文字要连贯
一篇好文章要注意连贯性。连贯性主要体现在句子与句子、段落与段落的衔接上，这种衔接要通过过渡词语来实现，以达到文章通顺，语言流畅。例如： It is clear that television news can vividly bring to us dramatic events of importance, such as wars, games and so on, but it can not cover important stories in detail they may deserve because of its time limitation. On the contrary, print news excels in its ability to devote as much space to a story as it sees fit, though it cannot compete with television visually. Besides, television is essentially a passive medium.
“such as, but, because of, on the contrary, though, besides” 这些过渡词把句子从语义上连接起来，形成一个有机的整体，读起来犹如行云流水自然酣畅。
Transitional Devices (Connecting Words)
Transitional devices are like bridges between parts of your paper. They are cues that help the reader to interpret ideas in the way that you, as a writer, want them to understand. Transitional devices help you carry over a thought from one sentence to another, from one idea to another, or from one paragraph to another with words or phrases. And finally, transitional devices link your sentences and paragraphs together smoothly so that there are no abrupt jumps or breaks between ideas.
There are several types of transitional devices, and each category leads your reader to make certain connections or assumptions about the areas you are connecting. Some lead your reader forward and imply the "building" of an idea or thought, while others make your reader compare ideas or draw conclusions from the preceding thoughts.
Here is a list of some common transitional devices that can be used to cue your reader in a given way.
To Add:
and, again, and then, besides, equally important, finally, further, furthermore, nor, too, next, lastly, what's more, moreover, in addition, first (second, etc.),
To Compare:
whereas, but, yet, on the other hand, however, nevertheless, on the other hand, on the contrary, by comparison, where, compared to, up against, balanced against, vis a vis, but, although, conversely, meanwhile, after all, in contrast, although this may be true
To Prove:
because, for, since, for the same reason, obviously, evidently, furthermore, moreover, besides, indeed, in fact, in addition, in any case, that is
To Show Exception:
yet, still, however, nevertheless, in spite of, despite, of course, once in a while, sometimes
To Show Time:
immediately, thereafter, soon, after a few hours, finally, then, later, previously, formerly, first (second, etc.), next, and then
To Repeat:
in brief, as I have said, as I have noted, as has been noted,
To Emphasize:
definitely, extremely, obviously, in fact, indeed, in any case, absolutely, positively, naturally, surprisingly, always, forever, perennially, eternally, never, emphatically, unquestionably, without a doubt, certainly, undeniably, without reservation
To Show Sequence:
first, second, third, and so forth. A, B, C, and so forth. next, then, following this, at this time, now, at this point, after, afterward, subsequently, finally, consequently, previously, before this, simultaneously, concurrently, thus, therefore, hence, next, and then, soon
To Give an Example:
for example, for instance, in this case, in another case, on this occasion, in this situation, take the case of, to demonstrate, to illustrate, as an illustration, to illustrate
To Summarize or Conclude:
in brief, on the whole, summing up, to conclude, in conclusion, as I have shown, as I have said, hence, therefore, accord

1.6首尾要呼应
写作时注意到上述几项可以为文章增色添彩，用阅卷者的行话为“闪光点”，也就是说是加分的因素。除此而外，更重要的一点是要注意文章的完整性，即首尾要呼应。例如：
Health
As the proverb says, “No one knows the value of health until he loses it.” In other words, nothing is more valuable than health.
… In conclusion, if you want your wish to come true, health is the most important ingredient of your success.
文章第一句和最后一句均说明健康的重要性，使首尾遥相互应，使文章表达主题准确、完整。
平时总有很多同学询问同样的一个问题：“我怎样才能够在短期时间内提高我的写作水平？”答案其实是否定的。首先我们必须明确：冰冻三尺，非一日之寒。英语学习是一个长期积累的过程，短期的突击无异于舍本逐末、杯水车薪。然而，这并不意味着我们不能够通过掌握考试规律来调整我们的临考状态，提高我们的应考能力。以下，就如何利用应试规律，是大限度地发挥同学们的写作水平谈几点看法。
(1) 心理
古人云，不战而屈人之兵。胜败很大程度上取决于心理因素。随着考试改革的深入，会有更多，更新，更难的题目出现，这样就要求我们有处变不惊的能力。即使是出现某种没有预料到的题型，考生也应该及时调整心态、从容不迫地应答。事实上，历史经验证明：题目要求越高，难度越大，考生的发挥余地也就越大。挑战和机遇是成正比的。
(2) 评分
知已知彼，百战不殆。熟悉老师的评分习惯对于考生正常、甚至是超常发挥自身水平也十分有益。正常驻情况下，阅卷老师要领会贯彻考试规定的评分原则，依照文章的结构和语言水平进行评分。然而，除此以外，有“两个基本点”我们也需要给予足够的重视——闪光点和语法点。在一篇出类拔萃的范文中，我们往往可以看到像提问法、谚语法、从句、并列句、路线句型、插入语、名词化，被动语态等等闪光点；而在一篇低分例文中基本的语言错误则数不胜数。
(3) 审题
磨刀不误砍柴工。在落笔前花两三分钟时间进行构思，既有利于理清行文思路，也避免了差之毫厘、失之千里的遗憾。即使文章本身瑞不同凡响，语惊四座，最终也只会是竹篮打水的效果。
(4) 卷面
对于像作文这样的主观题而言，考生与阅览室卷老师是无形中彼此互动、相互影响。一个考生可以做的，首先是通过卷面给阅卷老师下意识地传达个人信息。用笔的颜色（深蓝色使人心情放松愉快）、粗细（粗线条给人以安全感），整齐划一的格式（段首一律顶格或一律空两格），明了的段落感（每段空一行），清晰的字数感（一行以十字为宜），工整的字迹都会给任何阅览室读者留下深刻的下面印象，从而使考生先发制人、取得先机。
(5) 结构
有始有终，首尾照应，是任何一篇好文章的基本标准之一。考生要给读者展现一个清楚的结构。首段提出观点，中间段阐述理由，结尾段要温故而知新，回顾第一段的大致内容。
(6) 表达
言之无文，行而不远。语言作为评分原则中的基本要素之一，在作文评分过程中具有决定作用。有评分老师指出：重要的并不在于考生写了什么，而在于考生是怎么表达的。

检查
行百里者九十。一篇成功的作文少不了反复推敲，一再修改。然而，由于考试时间和条件等诸多因素的限制，考生绝对需要慎重对待作文的检查和修改。我们必须明确：考试作文的润色和修改只需要达到三个目的即可：拼写正确，看文章中是否有错字和糊乱涂改；搭配正确；语法正确，特别是人称、时态，和单复数的三“一致”。
此外，给阅卷老师留下美好的印象可以帮助考生取得高分。老师们的阅卷过程是郁闷枯燥的。使自己的文章大约1分钟的阅读时间内，迅速地在他们的脑海中形成较多的兴奋点，是至关重要的。首先，作文的写作时间为30分钟，合理的时间安排为8+18+4，前面的8分钟用来读题审题，构思并列提纲，接着的18分钟用来按照提纲写作，最后4分钟用来检查及润色。合理的时间安排是写出优秀作文的必不可少的第一步。
其次，卷面的设置很关键。要想让阅卷老师对你的作文试卷有一种赏心悦目的感觉，作文的排版应该不多于2/3，不少于1/3，要留有余地，不要将卷面写得密密麻麻。字体不要过大或过小。字迹要工整。
再次，除了形式之外，作文的内容也尤其重要。阅读老师阅卷一般是从第一段看语言，从第二段看结构。这就要求考生重视开头部份以及每一段的第一句，不要出现任何的拼写或语法错误。除了语言的地道之外，还要求作文有层次感。可以用一系列表示逻辑关系的连词来表示思路的清晰，如 and ,however, furthermore, also, what’s more 等。此外，还可以用对等的句式结构，如 for one thing, for another, on the one hand, on the other hand 等来增加文章的层次感。
2. 常用词汇或句型
2.1 常用句型
[典型句型]
think
believe
answer
overwhelming majority of
most
quite a few

1. When asked about …, the people ,

quite
a bit
regard
view
see
think of

Other people …as…, I view differently.

[Sample] When asked what kind of career they will pursue upon graduation, most of college students say that they would choose a job which will bring them a lot of money and a comfortable life. Working in a big bank or company is what they desire. But I think quite differently. I would prefer a career which will help realize my potentials.

[典型句型]

Although
Admittedly
believe
think
feel
a lot of
the majority of
most

2．Now people that … …, there

no
little evidence
it is questioned

is whether … .

[真题] （1992: My view on Reading Extensively）
There is some feeling nowadays that reading is not as necessary as it once was. Radio and especially television have taken over many of the functions once served by print. Admittedly, television and radio serve as some functions extremely well, But it may be seriously questioned whether the advent of modern communication media had much enhanced our intellectual skills.

[典型句型]
commonly
generally
widely
accepted
recognized
acknowledged
claim
believe
argue

3．Now, it is that … . They that … .but

Wonder
doubt

I whether …

[典型句型]
Phenomenon of
Problem of
Rise in

4．Recently the … has

draw/ aroused public/ world-wide attention
caused/ aroused wide considerable/ international concern

brought into focus
brought to public attention
issue
problem
[典型句型]
5．Recently the of … has been

[Sample] The problem of development vs. environment has now been in the limelight. Nowhere is the clash more visible than in china, where the world’s largest population faces pollution, deforestation and rain on a large scale.

[典型句型]increasing
significant
beginning
coming
accept
be aware

6．Now people in numbers are to that …

to
of
necessity
importance
awareness
recognition
[典型句型]
7．Now there is growing on the part of people of the

[典型句型]
“Awareness of ignorance is the beginning of wisdom.”
“Familiar notions are often those lease examined.”
“Genius is 2 percent inspiration and 98 percent perspiration.”

8．
, such is the

Bacon.
Edison.
One of the great men.

opinion
remark made by

view
remark
shared
confirmed
now
time and again

This has been by more and more people.

[Sample] "Great minds must be ready not only to take the opportunity, but to make them." Colton, a great writer once remarked. But it still has a profound significance now. To a person, in whose lifetime opportunities are not many, to make opportunities is more essential to his success.
[Sample] Education is not complete with graduation. Such is the opinion of Mortimer J. Adier, a great American philosopher. Now more and more people share his opinion. No college or university can educate its students by the time they graduate; and no one should be content to simply end his education with high school education or college education.
Education is a lifetime study. Complaint commented criticized . He is hardly alone in the experience .Many people have shared the experience like this

[典型句型]
commented
complaint
criticized
He is hardly alone in the experience
Many people have shared the experience like this

9． “…” That’s how one …

[Sample] “All I have learnt in college is junk.” That’s how one college graduate described his frustration in looking for a job. He is hardly alone in the experience. Actually there are thousands of college graduates who complain that the degree they took away can’t help them to secure a rewarding job, and the knowledge they acquired in class cant be transformed into useful job skills.

[典型句型]
10．
That is changing now
People are taking a fresh look at it
seen
viewed
regarded
had been
was
For years
Until recently

… as… But

demand for
interested in
concern over
growing
mounting

With the …, people … .

[典型句型]
do people
has such change taken places?
years
decades

11． Several ago, people … . Now, … .Why

[真题] (1995: Nowadays it has become fashionable for college students to take a part-time job in their spare time.)
Discuss the advantages and disadvantages of this trend Several years ago, people were often a little surprised when they heard that a college student was doing a part-time job.
"Why? Maybe he is short of money," they thought. Nowadays, it is not an uncommon occurrence that college students are working as tutors, salesmen and tour guides. Many students put up advertisements on bulletin boards or lamp posts to search for odd jobs. Why do many students show great interest in a part-time or a summer job?

[典型句型]
12．
think of
regard
view
Should
What
Opinions of
Attitude toward

… ? … vary greatly. Some … as… .

argue
believe
claim

Others …

[Sample] Should doctors ever lie to benefit their patients to speed recovery or to conceal the approach of death?
People's attitude toward the doctor's lie varies from person to person. Some see important reasons to lie for the patient's own sake; others think that truthful information should not be denied or distorted.

[典型句型]
increase
decline
growth
dramatic
significant
marked
several
a number of
a variety of

13．There are probably reasons for this in

… , First… . Second …
[典型句型]
have
did
are
For one reason
To begin with
One reason is
For another
In the second place
Another reason is

14．Why … ? … . … . Perhaps the

main
primary
fundamental

reason is …

[Sample] Why is there an explosive growth in general participation in sports? One reason is a national hunger for physical fit, which is manifested in city parks on early mornings. But what accounts for most of the enthusiasm is that sports and games are a healthy, but cheap way to fill their leisure time which has increased as working hours have reduced now.

[典型句型]
growth
change
recognition
realization

15．These factors, coupled with the of …

[Sample] It is commonly accepted belief that interest in English, coupled with the growing awareness of its role in seeking highly paid position in big corporations, leads to nationwide enthusiasm for learning English.
[典型句型]
a
the
new
recent
latest
survey
census
in 2001
from 1990 to 2001
increased
rose
dropped

16．According to , …
x percent
at a rate of x percent
an average of x percent

[典型句型]
17．More than three quarters people preferred ..., compared with 20 percent last year.
About 80 percent of the college bound said they still lacked "enough facts to make an informal decision" as to which college they should apply for. Over two-thirds wanted to know more about academic programs, student activities, faculty strengths and weaknesses, and living accommodations on campus.
[典型句型]
The most dramatic example of this is …
This offers a typical example of this …
As an illustration, we may take …
18．

[Sample] It is a good thing to extend human life, but is it a good to extend human suffering ? Take the case of a man who is so ailing that he has lost all his faculties: He is in hospital in an unconscious state with little chance of coming round, but he is kept alive by artificial means for an indefinite period. Everyone, his relatives and even the doctors, agree that death will bring release. Indeed, the patient himself would agree if he were in a position to give voice to his feeling. Yet everything is done to perpetuate what has become a meaningless existence.
[典型句型]
if
when
without

19．Just i