长治学院外语系毕业论文格式模板.doc

中文封面无页眉页脚

宋体二号字加粗，居中

长治学院
2015届学士学位毕业论文

宋体小二号字体加粗并居中

从文化角度看英语习语翻译

学 号： XXXXX
姓 名： XXXX
指导教师： XXXXX
专 业： 英语
系 别： 外语系

完成时间：2015年5月

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英文封面无页眉页脚，题目需按意群分行

ON THE TRANSLATION OF ENGLISH IDIOMS
FROM A CULTURAL PERSPECTIVE

A THESIS
SUBMITTED IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF BACHELOR
英文论文封面格式：字体均为四号字，为新罗马字体，常规

姓名字母要全部大写
By
DING LU

Supervised by
姓名首字母要大写
Li Yanxia
校名要全部大写
CHANGZHI COLLEGE
CHANGZHI, SHANXI, P. R. CHINA
地名字母要全部大写

May, 2015

On The Translation of English Idioms
from a Cultural Perspective
小二加粗，居中，首字母和实词大写，按意群分行，下行空一行

Discipline: English Name: Ding Lu Class: XXXX-X
空一行
Matriculation Number: 08403303 Supervisor: Li Yanxia

Abstract:
Language is the carrier of culture, bearing the national cultural information. English is a global language. Learning and mastering English is helpful to understand and grasp culture differences, and thus broaden the knowledge of the world. As the bridge connecting diverse cultures, translation plays a major role in the process of cultural exchange. With the depth and breadth of Sino-western communication, it has become an important topic to study English and its translation from the cultural perspective.
摘要与关键词中间无空行
Cultural factors take a great part in translating English idioms. We should be more concern about translation attitudes, strategies and approaches in dealing with the cultural information of English idioms. Based on the current cultural studies of English idioms home and abroad, the thesis explores cultural factors of English idioms and their translation strategies. It starts with the analysis of English idioms, and makes an investigation of cultural features affecting idiom translation. Based on these analyses, the thesis proposes the cultural translation principles and strategies focusing on cultural connotations of idioms so as to eliminate the language level translation and promote the cultural level translation.
Key words: English idioms; cultural studies of idioms; idiom translation strategies
关键词之间用分号，末尾不加标点
英语摘要：内容用五号字，摘要的开头要缩进四个字符；Abstract 一词为小四号字加粗
英语关键词：内容用五号字；词数3-5个；Keywords 一词为小四号字加粗注意标点符号，末尾处不加标点。本页无页眉页脚

新罗马小二号字体，加粗并居中
Contents
1. Introduction
2. English idioms and Their Cultural Features
2.1 Definition of English Idioms
新罗马小四号字体；注意本页大标题与小标题的错行对齐
2.2 Range of English Idioms
2.2.1 Idiomatic phrases
2.2.3 Proverbs
2.2.4 Slang
2.3 Characteristics of English Idioms
2.3.1 Opacity
2.3.2 Comprehensiveness
2.3.3 Stability
2.4 Sources of Idioms
标题中实词首字母都需大写
2.5 Cultural Features of Idioms
3. Translation Methods of English Idioms
3.1 Literal Translation
3.2 Literal Translation with Notes
3.3 Free Translation
3.4 Free Translation with Note
3.5 Free Translation—Replacement with Similar Chinese Idioms
3.6 Combination of Literal and Free Translation
3.7 Rhetorical Devices
有此项内容的同学写，按顺序装订
4. Conclusion
Notes
有此项内容的同学写，按顺序装订
Acknowledgements
Appendix
Bibliography
本页无页眉页脚

A THESIS FOR THE DEGREE OF BACHELOR
正文部分有页眉，页眉内容居中，为A THESIS FOR THE DEGREE OF BACHELOR，字体为新罗马小四

1. Introduction
上边距30mm,下边距25mm,左、右边距25mm;页眉16mm 页脚15mm。

小标题加粗
An idiom is a group of words with a meaning different from the combined meanings of its component words. The words in idioms cannot be depleted or replaced by synonymous words; or put in a different order, without affecting or destroying the meaning. Idioms prevail in both Chinese and western culture, from ancient to modern times. Idioms are so vivid, terse, colloquial，frequently and forcible in conveying a particular meaning that speakers of both languages use them. If one does not know the culture background, one may misunderstand some idioms. So knowing the culture background is good for us in understanding or interpreting the English idioms.
There are many cultural factors affecting language. And language, like a mirror, vividly reflects those cultural aspects. As the prime of language, idiom has close relationship with many aspects of human activities which are summed up as culture.
每个标题之间都要空一行。大小标题之间要有内容，不能直接过渡。
正文：用小四号字。不得使用任何背景色。正文每段开头缩进4个字符，字间距设置为标准字间距，行间距设置为1.5倍行距。

Now translation is not only a linguistic transference, but also an intercultural communication. The reason why we discuss the translation of idioms only lies in that idioms take on terse cultural characters. Idioms have much cultural information and background, possess distinct image and are characterized by a distinctive national and local style or flavor. Broadly speaking, there are six kinds of idioms, two of which reflect terse cultural connotation: set phrases and proverbs. In this paper, when dealing with the translation of set phrases and proverbs, we take a specific method in view of their distinct feature. There are many examples that are given to compare with each other. Therefore, the translation of the idioms has been concentrated on the description of translation methods, also with much attention paid to the description of the main origins of idioms and their cultural connotation.

2. Definition, Range and Features of English Idioms
从论文正文部分开始，用阿拉伯数字连续编页，页码位于每页页脚的中部
Idioms best mirror the national characteristics embodied in a language and are thus always rich in cultural connotations and national flavor. Lots of cultural information is embedded in idioms. In some sense, idioms are the reflection of the environment, life, historical culture, etc. of the native speakers and are closely associated with their innermost spirit and feelings. They are commonly used in all types of language, informal and formal, spoken and written. That is why the extent to which a person familiarizes himself with idioms is a mark of his or her command of language. English and Chinese are abundant in idioms. It is difficult to give a clear-cut definition to the word “idiom”, for it possesses several meanings which might get us completely at sea.

文中引用须标明（作者，出版年份：引用所在页数），不需斜体，所有标点为英文输入法状态下打出的，且为五号字体
2.1 Definitions of English Idioms
Before further steps are taken, it is imperative to give a concise and proper definition to the term “idiom”, whose etymology can be traced back to the Latin word idiom, referring to individual peculiarity of language.
According to Oxford Advanced Learner’s English—Chinese Dictionary (Fourth Edition) (Horny, 2006:158), the term “idiom’’ covers a wide range of meanings:
1. phrase or sentence whose meaning is not clear from the meaning of its individual words and which must be learnt as a whole unit: give way, a change of heart
2. (a) language or dialect of a people or country: the French idiom
文中引用例子需用斜体表示
(b) use of language that is typical of or natural to speakers of a particular language
(c) use of language peculiar to a period or an individual: Shakespeare’s idiom
Obviously, the first of the definitions above is the commonest meaning of “idiom”. For instance, when such expressions as carry coal to New Castle, in order to, once and again, and the man in the street are considered idioms, we, consciously or unconsciously, apply the term “idiom” in its specific sense, which is the target of study in this thesis.
In Longman Dictionary of English Idioms (Long, 1979:125), an idiom is a fixed group of words with a special different meaning from the meanings of the separate words.
In fact, the difference between an idiom and a non-idiom lies in whether the meaning of the expression can be predicted from its separate units. Despite differences in wording, the definitions above reach a unanimous agreement that the meaning of an idiom is different from the sum of the literal meanings of its component words.
Idioms can also be words. To judge whether a word is an idiom or not, we have two standards: first, whether the word include two or more morphemes; second, whether the separate meanings of the morphemes reveal the whole meaning of the word made up of the morphemes. Take the word “blackboard” for example. Understanding the meanings of black and board is very little help in knowing that a blackboard is a slate-like surface of any dark color used for writing on with chalk. The compound has two parts that suggest its meaning but do not wholly account for it, in that the morpheme “black” only suggests the color (although a blackboard is not necessarily black) and “board” the shape, but there is no knowing what a blackboard is used for from the separate meanings of “black” and “board” because the two morphemes do not reveal its functions. In this sense, a blackboard is different from a black board in the way that the former covers a more specific range of meaning than the latter.
正文中小标题不要放在居中位置，仍然放在左侧，每个小标题要与上文空一行。小标题较多时，可加注数字表示，数字表示的序号为：1，1.1,1.1.1, 1.2, 2, 2.1, 2.1.1, 2.1.2, 2.2……。小标题数字字体加粗, 标题字体加粗，注意标题为名词性短语时首字母和实词的首字母大写，标题为句子时，首字母大写，句尾加句号。

Idioms may also be phrases like get along meaning “be friendly” and look out meaning “be careful” or “a pig in a poke” and “a bull in a china shop,” as well as clauses like He got out of the wrong side of the bed, Don’t count your chickens before they are hatched, and A stitch in time saves nine.
Many clause-idioms such as proverbs like a rolling stone gather no moss or hackneyed expressions like she gave him the bum’s brush. Others are so colorless that we seldom think of them as idioms. Few English speakers would consider the expression to take a walk as in any way unusual or idiomatic, but it is idiomatic, for herein “take” has a different meaning from that in to take an umbrella, or, to put it more concisely, it is idiomatic from the standpoint of the literal meaning of the verb.
Thus, idioms can be words, phrases, as well as clauses.

2.2 Range and Forms of English Idioms
文中出现汉语翻译时，同正文英语一样用小四字体，标点符号须为英文输入法状态下打出的
English idioms, in a broad sense, include idiomatic phrases, proverbial sayings and a number of slang expressions, whereas Chinese idioms fall into such broad categories as set phrases(成语), common sayings(俗语), proverbs(谚语), a two-part allegorical saying(歇后语)and what is termed as vulgar expressions(粗俗语). This is of course only a rough classification, for there must be some overlaps among them. Here the author will mainly introduce the classification of English idioms.

2.2.1 Idiomatic Phrases
English is abundant in idiomatic phrases. “Idiomatic phrases can be further classified into the following three units according to the degree of closeness within the components of an idiomatic phrase: (1) phraseological collocations; (2) phraseological unities; (3) phraseological fusions.”(骆, 2006: 79)
正文中引用别人的观点或引用文学作品原文时，要标明出处，并在参考文献中列出该文献。引用时标注的为作者的姓，而不是名，若为两个作者时，可将两作者姓同时打出，用逗号隔开，注意用五号字体。且标点符号为英文输入法状态下打出的
(1) Phraseogical collocations are free syntactical groups, in which variability of member words is strictly limited. The meaning of the phraseological collocation is evident, for the components retain their full semantic independence. For instance: to bear a grudge may be changed into to bear malice, but not into to bear a fancy or liking. We can say take a liking (fancy) but not take hatred (disgust). Similar idioms are as busy as a bee, to render assistance and to hear with half an ear(心不在焉地听着)，in which the structure is loose, but the meaning is evident.
(2) Phraseological unities are comparatively tight in internal structure. However the meaning of the whole unit is not the sum of the meaning of its components, but is based upon them. It may be perceived through the metaphoric meaning of the whole phraseological unit. But no element can be changed in such units without destroying the sense as a whole. For example, to show one’s colors, the metaphoric meaning of the whole unit readily suggests to show what one is really like or to make known what one thinks or plans to do. No element in this phrase can be varied and the meaning is not the sum of the meaning of its components. Similar idioms are, see red and sweep off one’s feet. Phraseological unities are as a rule marked by a high degree of stability of the lexical components.
(3) Phraseological fusions are the most fixed in structure among the three kinds of idiomatic phrases under discussion. Their total meaning can never be derived from the conjoined meanings of their elements. On the house, for example, has nothing to do with house. In contrast to its literal counterpart meaning “on the roof of the house”，a non-literal meaning is imposed on the idiom as a whole: “paid for by the owner”. Here are some examples of effective phraseological fusions whose structure cannot be changed and whose meaning can never be derived from the conjoined meanings of their elements: diamond in the rough means “a person or thing of fine quality but lacking polish”; a mountain out of a molehill means “a trivial matter seem important”.

2.2.2 Proverbs
Proverb is a brief familiar maxim of folk wisdom, usually compressed in form, often 正文中出现的书名一律使用斜体表示，不再加引号。书名的首字母和实词的首字母大写，如：Gone with the Wind
翻译、语言学、文化等方向的论文中引用的例子要统一编号，按次序标注。编号采用（1）、（2）等格式。如果是特别零散的例子可以采用表格的方式，表格中不再标注序号。

involving a bold image and frequently a jingle that catches the memory. Proverbs are set sentences circulating among the people, in which simple and popular expressions are used to explain profound reasons.
Proverbs are summaries of people’s life experience. The proverb is the wisdom of mankind, the wisdom of many and the wit of one. It is a traditional saying that sums up a situation, passes judgment on a past matter, or recommends a course of action for the future.

2.2.3 Slang
文中出现汉语翻译，注意为小四宋体，且标点符号为英文输入法状态下打出的
Slang, an ever-changing set of colloquial words and phrases, is an indispensable component of the English language. Slang expressions are widely used in informal speech and writing, but are not acceptable in formal contexts. Slang draws numerous phrases from the shop talk of every profession, trade, sport, school and social group, but it gives them a currency outside the limits of these occupations. For instance: as American as apple pie which means “typical American”; don’t let the grass grow under one’s feet means “to be hesitate and waste of time”. Literally it may be translated into “极具美国特色” while “犹豫不决，浪费时间”might be a truer version. Both slang expressions in the above are from different occupations. Slang is popular because it is often humo